Deciphering the genetic landscape of enhanced poly-3-hydroxybutyrate production in Synechocystis sp. B12

Background Microbial biopolymers such as poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) are emerging as promising alternatives for sustainable production of biodegradable bioplastics. Their promise is heightened by the potential utilisation of photosynthetic organisms, thus exploiting sunlight and carbon dioxide as source of energy and carbon, respectively. The cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. B12 is an attractive candidate for its superior ability to accumulate high amounts of PHB as well as for its high-light tolerance, which makes it extremely suitable for large-scale cultivation. Beyond its practical applications, B12 serves as an intriguing model for unravelling the molecular mechanisms behind PHB accumulation. Results Through a multifaceted approach, integrating physiological, genomic and transcriptomic analyses, this work identified genes involved in the upregulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis and phycobilisome degradation as the possible candidates providing Synechocystis sp. B12 an advantage in growth under high-light conditions. Gene expression differences in pentose phosphate pathway and acetyl-CoA metabolism were instead recognised as mainly responsible for the increased Synechocystis sp. B12 PHB production during nitrogen starvation. In both response to strong illumination and PHB accumulation, Synechocystis sp. B12 showed a metabolic modulation similar but more pronounced than the reference strain, yielding in better performances. Conclusions Our findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms of PHB biosynthesis, providing valuable insights for optimising the use of Synechocystis in economically viable and sustainable PHB production. In addition, this work supplies crucial knowledge about the metabolic processes involved in production and accumulation of these molecules, which can be seminal for the application to other microorganisms as well.