Advances in Soil Compaction Characterization Through Applied Geophysics

Soil compaction is a rather complex phenomenon, with spatial variability and temporal dynamics dependent on several factors. Its side effects have a significant impact on the soil ecosystem, particularly on hydrological regulation and agronomic production, resulting in significant ecological and economic damage to the entire society. Therefore, a correct understanding and characterization of the processes involved are necessary for prevention and to address future global challenges of sustainability and food security. Geophysics has several strengths to create added value in providing an answer to agriculture challenges of our time, such as improving management of soils and more sustainable approaches in general and consequently preventing the compaction phenomenon. Due to their non-invasive nature, near-surface geophysical methods support the investigation of soil properties, characteristics, and variables. In this work, we present the ability of electric and electromagnetic geophysical methods, i.e. Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Frequency-domain Electromagnetic Method, and recent applications of active seismic methods, i.e. Seismic Refraction Tomography and Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves, to assess the effects of compaction on agricultural soil. The purpose is to show pros & cons of all techniques and their resolution and ability in characterizing compacted areas with good confidence.