Autistic traits and social anxiety in children and adolescents: the mediating role of theory of mind and social adaptive behavior

Background: Autistic traits refer to cognitive and behavioral characteristics seen in the general population that resemble those of autism but are less severe. Higher levels of autistic traits may be related to higher levels of social anxiety, and some variables may influence the relationship between autistic traits and social anxiety. In the present study we aimed to investigate the association between autistic traits and social anxiety, considering the possible influence of theory of mind and social adaptive behavior. Methods: The study involved 300 Italian parents of children and adolescents between 6 and 18 years old without any diagnosed medical or neurodevelopmental condition. Parents were asked to answer an online survey composed by different questionnaires on their children’s traits and abilities. Results: Our results suggest that autistic traits have a positive correlation with social anxiety and that theory of mind may act as a mediator in that relationship. Conclusion: We discussed as clinical and educational practice should prioritize training in perspective-taking skills to help preventing negative outcomes in children and adolescents. Impact: Autistic traits and social anxiety seem to be associated in non-clinical population. Theory of mind may mediate the association between autistic traits and social anxiety. Educational interventions should focus on enhancing skills such as theory of mind.