Avenços recents en el seguiment de variables ambientals per a l’anàlisi de la resiliència dels agroecosistemes i la gestió sostenible dels recursos naturals

Although agricultural production is an important economic factor for the regions bordering the Mediterranean Sea, climate change and the increasing demand for water for multiple uses (drinking, irrigation, industrial) pose important challenges that government agencies must address, especially related to water availability and food security. In addition, sometimes too rapid changes in land use are also giving rise to some sustainability problems in the development of rural landscapes, even if we only think of an increase in soil erosion phenomena or the degradation of groundwater used for irrigation and drinking water. Therefore, it is important to develop efficient strategies for the management of water and land resources to ensure adequate agricultural production in both the medium and long term. This article reviews the most modern and advanced aspects of environmental monitoring applied to agricultural and forestry systems and underlines the importance of implementing these techniques in an integrated manner to achieve efficient and sustainable management of water and land resources. As an example, there is the case of the Alento agro-environmental observatory, located in southern Italy and representative of many pedoclimatic situations found in Mediterranean river basins. This review closes by discussing geophysical applications in the presence of archaeological sites in rural areas and providing the reader with some future perspectives for the development of these topics.