Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a highly contagious, economically relevant immunosuppressive pathogen of chickens. Despite belonging to a single serotype, virulent IBDVs display a remarkable heterogeneity in genetic and functional features. Traditionally, strains are categorized into classical, variant and very virulent viruses, but many atypical IBDVs have been recently identified. A primary example is the emergence of North-Western European (NW EU) reassortants (genotype A3B1), first identified in 2017, which rapidly became predominant in Western Europe. A notable exception was Italy, where circulating IBDVs belonged to a separate A3B1 clade related to Russian and Middle Eastern strains, but the present study describes the entry of NW EU reassortants into this country as well. During a 2-year-long survey (March 2023-January 2025), 256 bursal pools were collected from broiler farms and subjected to molecular analyses: 97 samples tested positive for field strains (38%), 43 for vaccine strains (17%), and 116 were negative (45%). Notably, 46 field strains were NW EU reassortants (47%), whereas 50 belonged to the Italian Russian-Middle Eastern (ITA/RUS/ME) clade (52%). The remaining strain showed VP2 features consistent with the ITA/RUS/ME clade but clustered with classical attenuated IBDVs at VP1 level, either due to reassortment or coinfection between field and vaccine viruses. Following their first detection, NW EU reassortants reached all major poultry producing regions and seemingly became prevalent over the ITA/RUS/ME clade. Such a swift epidemiological shift emphasizes the threat posed by atypical IBDVs and the subsequent need for enhanced surveillance and control measures. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: North-Western European reassortants (A3B1) were found in Italy for the first time. Local A3B1 clade, related to Russian and Middle Eastern strains, also persisted. Infectious pressure was seemingly stable despite this epidemiological shift.
Molecular epidemiology of IBDV in Italy: emergence of Northwestern European reassortants (genotype A3B1) and co-circulation with local strains
Poletto, Francesca;Legnardi, Matteo;Tucciarone, Claudia Maria;Franzo, Giovanni;Giaccone, Valerio;Cecchinato, Mattia
2025
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a highly contagious, economically relevant immunosuppressive pathogen of chickens. Despite belonging to a single serotype, virulent IBDVs display a remarkable heterogeneity in genetic and functional features. Traditionally, strains are categorized into classical, variant and very virulent viruses, but many atypical IBDVs have been recently identified. A primary example is the emergence of North-Western European (NW EU) reassortants (genotype A3B1), first identified in 2017, which rapidly became predominant in Western Europe. A notable exception was Italy, where circulating IBDVs belonged to a separate A3B1 clade related to Russian and Middle Eastern strains, but the present study describes the entry of NW EU reassortants into this country as well. During a 2-year-long survey (March 2023-January 2025), 256 bursal pools were collected from broiler farms and subjected to molecular analyses: 97 samples tested positive for field strains (38%), 43 for vaccine strains (17%), and 116 were negative (45%). Notably, 46 field strains were NW EU reassortants (47%), whereas 50 belonged to the Italian Russian-Middle Eastern (ITA/RUS/ME) clade (52%). The remaining strain showed VP2 features consistent with the ITA/RUS/ME clade but clustered with classical attenuated IBDVs at VP1 level, either due to reassortment or coinfection between field and vaccine viruses. Following their first detection, NW EU reassortants reached all major poultry producing regions and seemingly became prevalent over the ITA/RUS/ME clade. Such a swift epidemiological shift emphasizes the threat posed by atypical IBDVs and the subsequent need for enhanced surveillance and control measures. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: North-Western European reassortants (A3B1) were found in Italy for the first time. Local A3B1 clade, related to Russian and Middle Eastern strains, also persisted. Infectious pressure was seemingly stable despite this epidemiological shift.
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