Electric Vehicles as flexible energy storage systems in power distribution networks

In the near future the expected growth of Electric Vehicles (EVs) will increase considerably the load demand with a signicant impact on the electric distribution network. It is envisaged that Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, which takes advantages of bi-directional ows of on-board batteries, would enable a responsive behaviour of these devices which could be strategically used for Demand Side Management (DSM) . In particular, EVs aggregators, such as swapping stations or car parking sites, could be managed for providing grid support services (e.g. power balance or voltage regulation). If these services are suitably remunerated, EVs aggregators could even increase their own revenue while being a benet for the network.