A History of Neglect: Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) Epidemiology in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa

Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is a significant respiratory pathogen of turkeys and chickens, causing substantial economic losses worldwide in both meat and egg production. This review provides a comprehensive overview of aMPV circulation in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, characterized by diverse poultry production systems and varying capacities for disease surveillance, resulting in uneven availability of epidemiologic data. The distribution and detection of the various aMPV subtypes are examined, highlighting the predominance of subtype B and the absence of clear genetic differentiation between strains infecting turkeys and chickens. The possible roles of wild birds, the live poultry trade, and biosecurity practices in influencing viral transmission dynamics are explored, especially in light of recent epidemiologic changes associated with the emergence of subtypes A and B in North America. Knowledge gaps, particularly in underreported areas, are identified as key priorities for future research. A deeper understanding of the regional epidemiology of aMPV is critical for enhancing surveillance, optimizing vaccination strategies, and fostering coordinated international control efforts.