Services for LGBTQ+ Individuals Experiencing Homelessness: A Systematic Review

LGBTQ+ individuals are overrepresented within the homeless population. While literature on dedicated services is increasing, research on their effectiveness remains limited. This review aims to systematise studies that describe programs, evaluate interventions, or outline operational models and strategies for LGBTQ+ people experiencing homelessness (PEH). Key features for effectiveness across individual, organisational, and institutional dimensions are highlighted, with emphasis on positive well-being measures. The systematic review, based on PRISMA standards, included: (a) peer-reviewed journals; (b) articles in English; (c) targeting the LGBTQ+ homeless population; (d) describing programmes, reporting on the assessment or outlining recommendations tailored for LGBTQ+ PEH. Fifty-three articles were included. Recommendations on the individual level focused on psychological resources, such as increased self-reported visibility, positive LGBTQ+ self-identity, and sense of belonging. Interpersonal and community-level factors, such as LGBTQ+ community participation, activism, and chosen families, were also found to be fundamental for promoting well-being. Organisational-level characteristics fostering self-affirmation, comprising competent staff and providing access to transgender-related support, led to overall effectiveness. This paper outlines the potential of intersectionality-competent services in promoting the wellbeing of LGBTQ+ PEH, providing affirming emotional support and fostering community connection. Incorporating user-led recommendations in planning is essential to develop LGBTQ+ tailored services valuing empowerment and resources. Please refer to the Supporting Information section to find this article's .