Blockchain Systems in Food Supply Chains: An Interpretation Through the Lens of Agency and Technology–Organization–Environment Theories

Blockchain (BC) systems are increasingly used by consortia to monitor ex-post opportunism in food supply chains. BC systems differ for BC technical characteristics, complementary technologies, and organizational tools. Yet, little is empirically known about the link between different BC system designs and the context where they are implemented and how contextual factors influence the adoption of each BC system. This study analyzed different BC systems in 11 principal–agent dyads within one food supply network. Each dyad is composed of a consortium of fruit producers and packers (the principal) and a supply network actor (the agent). Inspired by agency theory, this research associates BC system design choices with levels of system trust (trust in the technology) that are consistent with the risk level of ex-post opportunism. Compared to previous studies, a new studying perspective regarding the concept of ‘BC trust’ arises. Starting from technology–organization–environment (TOE) theory, this paper also offers an interpretation of how TOE factors intervene in the adoption of different BC systems by agents. By distinguishing between different BC systems, it offers a diverse perspective in grounding TOE in BC research. Together with relevant future research directions, these findings provide adopters and policymakers with important practical insights.