Integrated GNSS and InSAR Analysis for Monitoring the Shoulder Structures of the MOSE System in Venice, Italy.

Ground-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and remote sensing interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) techniques have proven to be very useful for deformation monitoring. GNSS provides high-precision data but only at a limited number of points, whereas InSAR allows for a much denser distribution of measurement points, though only in areas with high and consistent signal backscattering. This study aims to integrate these two techniques to overcome their respective limitations and explore their potential for effective monitoring of critical infrastructure, ensuring the protection of people and the environment. The proposed approach was applied to monitor deformations of the shoulder structures of the MOSE (MOdulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico) system, the civil infrastructure designed to protect Venice and its lagoon from high tides. GNSS data were collected from 36 continuous GNSS (CGNSS) stations located at the corners of the emerged shoulder structures in the Trep...