Field application of Lung Ultrasonography in bovine: a scoping review

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is considered one of the most expensive diseases in the cattle farming worldwide affecting both beef and dairy production. This disease is primarily responsible for increased veterinary costs, treatment expenses, reduced pro-ductivity, and, in severe cases, the culling of affected animals. Timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective management and prevention of BRD-related losses. The difficulty in diagnosis based on clinical signs of the animal determines the need to introduce new diagnostic methods. Lung ultrasonography (LUS) has emerged as a valuable, non-invasive, and quick tool offer-ing numerous advantages. It allows for real-time, dynamic evaluation of the lung tissue, providing detailed insights into the pres-ence of pathological changes. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the practical application of LUS in the diagnosis of BRD in cattle. LUS is per-formed using linear or convex probes, equipped with high or middle fre...