A case of a South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris) with dental problems

Tapirs frequently experience dental and oral issues that can significantly impact their overall wellbeing, health, and comfort [1]. Treatment of these problems often requires sedation, with a critical focus on ensuring safe airway management, particularly due to the potential challenges associated with intubation in this species [2]. At the Cappeller Zoological Park (Cartigliano, Italy), a captive 22-year-old male tapir (Tapirus terrestris, 190 kg) presented with a history of progressive weight loss and alteration in food chewing behavior. Over the previous 3 months, distinct changes were observed, including prolonged chewing duration and significant food spillage from the mouth during mastication, especially when compared to his housemate. Medetomidine (0.005 mg/kg), ketamine (1 mg/kg), and butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg) were administered intramuscularly to perform physical examination, blood sampling, accurate oral cavity evaluation, and dental x-ray. Subsequently, an intravenous catheter was inserted into the femoral vein. During diagnostic procedures, the animal showed regurgitation, and orotracheal intubation was performed immediately. Intravenous Ringerʼs lactate was administered and propofol was titrated to maintain an appropriate anesthesia depth. Supplemental oxygen was provided throughout the procedure. Physiological parameters (pulse rate, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure) were continuously monitored. Physiological parameters were stable throughout the procedures. Complete blood work was unremarkable. Dental x-ray and oral inspection revealed irregular tooth consumption. Sharp dental surfaces were rasped using motorized equipment and water-dip cooling. The procedure lasted 100 minutes, and the animal recovered smoothly, successfully standing at first attempt within 15 minutes of the end of propofol administration. The tapir regained normal chewing behavior within 2 days, and showed weight gain and improved physical condition within 3 weeks. This clinical case emphasizes the importance of monitoring chewing behavior in tapirs to promptly detect dental problems. Additionally, it underscores the need for safe airway management during anesthesia for the treatment of these problems, to prevent respiratory issues such as aspiration pneumonia. [1] Hohl et al. Chewing, dental morphology and wear in tapirs (Tapirus spp.) and a comparison of free-ranging and captive specimens. PLoS One. 15(6), 2020. [2] West et al. In Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia. II Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2014.