Association of religiosity and spirituality with survival among older adults: a systematic review

Aim: In a world where the aging population and prevalence of chronic degenerative diseases and life-threatening conditions have been increasing, identifying factors that can improve the living conditions of these populations is of paramount importance. The aim of the present research was to conduct a systematic literature review to investigate the impact of religion and spirituality on longevity. Subject and methods: Studies published in English that assessed the association between religiosity or spirituality and survival were identified by searching electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, and CINAHL) and were independently reviewed by two authors. Results: A total of 13 prospective cohort studies were included in this review, including seven that found a negative association between religiosity and mortality and six that showed mixed results. Conclusion: Most studies highlighted the reduction in the risk of mortality, particularly among subjects who engaged in religious activities with an active social component. The linkage between religiosity and longevity might be mediated by the social support of the religious community, better health behavior, and mental health. However, most studies found a reduction in all-cause mortality even after adjusting for these mediating factors, indicating that other important mechanisms might have been involved.