Emerging oral therapeutic strategies for inhibiting PCSK9

Pharmacological inhibition of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin 9 (PCSK9) have been firmly established to be an effective approach to reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and cardiovascular events. Subcutaneous administration of monoclonal antibodies (evolocumab and alirocumab) every 2 or 4 weeks determined a 60 % reduction of LDL cholesterol levels, while the GalNac-siRNA anti PCSK9 (inclisiran) provided an effective lipid lowering activity (−50 %) after an initial subcutaneous dose, repeated after 3 months and followed by a maintenance dose every 6 months. Although these two approaches have the potentiality to bring the majority of patients at high and very-high cardiovascular risk to the appropriate LDL cholesterol targets, their cost and subcutaneous administration represent a strong limitation for their large-scale use. These problems could be overcome by the development of small chemical molecules anti PCSK9 as oral therapy for controlling hypercholesterolemia. In the present review, we summarized the pharmacological properties of oral anti PCSK9 molecules that are currently under clinical development (DC371739, CVI-LM001, and AZD0780), including the mimetic peptides enlicitide decanoate (MK-0616) and NNC0385-0434.