How do different runoff generation mechanisms drive stream network dynamics? Insights from physics-based modelling

Non-perennial river catchments are characterized by an ever-changing spatial configuration of their flowing streams. A combination of empirical data and simplified analytical frameworks has been frequently used in the literature to analyse the co-evolution of the total active stream length (L$$ L $$) and the catchment discharge at the outlet (Q$$ Q $$). However, despite the increasing availability of field data, understanding how runoff generation processes drive the spatio-temporal dynamics of non-perennial river reaches remains challenging. In this paper we use CATHY, an integrated surface-subsurface hydrological model (ISSHM), to investigate the impact of saturation-excess (Dunnian) and infiltration-excess (Hortonian) runoff generation on the stream network dynamics of two virtual catchments with spatially homogeneous subsurface properties but different morphology. The numerical simulations show that when surface runoff is triggered by saturation-excess mechanisms, the subsurface domain is slowly saturated, and the stream network gradually expands upstream from the outlet towards the catchment divides. In these conditions, the specific inflow per unit contributing area is relatively uniform along the network, thereby implying that L$$ L $$ and Q$$ Q $$ display a monotonically increasing one-to-one relationship. On the other hand, infiltration-excess mechanisms lead to more heterogeneous saturation patterns in the subsurface domain. In particular, during the wetting phase, Hortonian processes originate highly transient conditions and a non-uniform spatial distribution of the specific inflow along the stream network. This is reflected by a hysteretic LQ$$ L(Q) $$ relation and a marked asymmetry between the wetting and drying phases of the event. The application of an ISSHM proved to be a useful tool to elucidate the processes that drive stream network expansion and retraction in non-perennial rivers.Schematic representation of the catchment response (i.e., saturated surface areas and wet stream channels spatio-temporal dynamics) driven by saturation-excess (Dunnian) mechanisms (a, b) and infiltration-excess (Hortonian) mechanisms (c-e). image