Current practices in clinical gait analysis in Europe: A comprehensive survey-based study from the European society for movement analysis in adults and children (ESMAC)??standard initiative

Background: Clinical gait analysis (CGA) is a systematic approach to comprehensively evaluate gait patterns, quantify impairments, plan targeted interventions, and evaluate the impact of interventions. However, international standards for CGA are currently lacking, resulting in various national initiatives. Standards are important to ensure safe and effective healthcare practices and to enable evidence-based clinical decisionmaking, facilitating interoperability, and reimbursement under national healthcare policies. Collaborative clinical and research work between European countries would benefit from common standards. Research objective: This study aimed to review the current laboratory practices for CGA in Europe. Methods: A comprehensive survey was conducted by the European Society for Movement Analysis in Adults and Children (ESMAC), in close collaboration with the European national societies. The survey involved 97 gait laboratories across 16 countries. The survey assessed several aspects related to CGA, including equipment used, data collection, processing, and reporting methods. Results: There was a consensus between laboratories concerning the data collected during CGA. The Conventional Gait Model (CGM) was the most used biomechanical model for calculating kinematics and kinetics. Respondents also reported the use of video recording, 3D motion capture systems, force plates, and surface electromyography. While there was a consensus on the reporting of CGA data, variations were reported in training, documentation, data preprocessing and equipment maintenance practices. Significance: The findings of this study will serve as a foundation for the development of standardized guidelines for CGA in Europe.