T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and T-lymphomas lymphoma (T-LBL) represent pediatric hematological malignancies, arising from T-cell precursors transformation, with common morphological and immunophenotypic features, and similar therapeutic strategies. Nowadays, there is still an ongoing discussion in the scientific community on whether the two malignancies represent two different disease entities or two distinct clinical manifestations of the same disease. Moreover, the clinical discrimination between T-ALL and T-LBL is still arbitrarily based on the blasts percentage in the Bone Marrow (BM) that is less than 25% for T-LBL patients. However, this cut-off value is particularly critical for the diagnosis of stage IV T-LBL patients since they are characterized by a BM infiltration near to 25%. Notably, so far there is no available data on T-ALL and T-LBL patients phosphoproteomic profile that could contribute to this discrimination, paving the way for the identification of potential new biomarkers useful to distinguish T-ALL from stage IV T-LBL patients. Importantly, glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used to treat both T-ALL and T-LBL pediatric patients. Although GC resistance is rather frequent and has a negative impact on patients’ prognosis, the mechanisms responsible for GC resistance in T-ALL and T-LBL are not fully defined. Thus, the identification of novel GC resistance mechanisms could allow identifying possible new therapeutic targets for pediatric T-ALL and T-LBL patients. Therefore, the major aims of this study had been: i) to characterize T-ALL and T-LBL pediatric patients phosphoproteomic profile at diagnosis, to contribute in understanding whether these two entities represent or not the same disease and to disclose potential new biomarker(s) that could contribute discriminating between stage IV T-LBL and T-ALL patients, ii) to unveil and deeply characterize new potentially targetable pathways involved in GC resistance in T-ALL and T-LBL pediatric patients. Interestingly, we uncovered that T-ALL and T-LBL patients are characterized by a unique phosphoproteomic profile suggesting that these malignancies are likely to represent two different diseases. Moreover, we identified a proteomic signature of 6 proteins, namely ERK1/2 T202/Y204, AKT S473/tot, mTOR S2448/tot, FAK Y397, P21 and BAX, whose expression/activation can discriminate stage IV T-LBL from T-ALL. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the FDA-approved specific JAK1-2 inhibitor ruxolitinib can revert GC resistance in T-LBL patients with disease progression and/or relapsed, characterized by JAK2 hyperactivation. Regarding T-ALL patients, we observed that NFATc1 and c2 are more expressed in patients that display resistance to GC at diagnosis and that Calcineurin/NFAT pathway regulates GC response in T-ALL cells. Specifically, we demonstrated that both NFATc1 and NFATc2 gene silencing, in a mutually exclusive manner, can impair GC resistance in T-ALL cells by restoring the glucocorticoid receptor ability to transcribe pro-apoptotic genes. Moreover, we observed that NFATc1 regulates GC response by controlling cholesterol biosynthesis, that in turn can affect plasma membrane lipid rafts abundance and as consequence the LCK/PLCγ TCR downstream pathway activation. Conversely, NFATc2 by regulating T cell stemness can likely influence GC response. Finally, by in vitro experiments, we demonstrated that the cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor simvastatin can represent a new therapeutic option to overcome GC resistance in T-ALL pediatric patients in whom NFATc1 drives the resistance. In conclusion, we demonstrated that T-ALL and T-LBL pediatric patients, despite sharing common origins and features, are characterized by a different phosphoproteomic profile, which in turns is reflected by the evidence that leukemia and lymphoma cells exploit different signaling protein pathways and biological processes to escape GC pro-apoptotic activity.
La leucemia linfoblastica acuta a cellule T (T-ALL) e il linfoma linfoblastico T (T-LBL) sono tumori pediatrici con caratteristiche morfologiche, immunofenotipiche e un approccio terapeutico simili. Ad oggi non è ancora chiaro se queste due neoplasie rappresentino due manifestazioni distinte della stessa malattia o due patologie completamente diverse. Inoltre, finora la diagnosi differenziale dei casi T-ALL e T-LBL è basata sulla percentuale di blasti nel midollo osseo (MO), che è inferiore al 25% per i pazienti con T-LBL. Pertanto, la diagnosi è particolarmente critica per i casi di IV stadio T-LBL con un'infiltrazione del MO prossima al 25%. Ad oggi, non sono disponibili dati sul profilo fosfoproteomico dei pazienti con T-ALL e T-LBL che potrebbero contribuire a questa discriminazione e portare all'identificazione di potenziali nuovi biomarcatori utili per distinguere i pazienti T-ALL e IV stadio T-LBL. I glucocorticoidi (GC) sono ampiamente utilizzati per il trattamento sia dei pazienti pediatrici T-ALL che T-LBL. Nonostante la resistenza ai GC sia frequente e abbia un impatto negativo sulla prognosi di questi pazienti, i meccanismi responsabili dell'insorgenza della resistenza ai GC non sono ancora del tutto delineati. Pertanto, gli obiettivi principali di questo studio sono stati: i) caratterizzare il profilo fosfoproteomico dei pazienti pediatrici T-ALL e T-LBL alla diagnosi, per contribuire a capire se queste due entità rappresentino o meno la stessa malattia e rivelare potenziali nuovi biomarcatori utili alla discriminazione dei pazienti IV stadio T-LBL e T-ALL, ii) identificare nuovi potenziali bersagli terapeutici coinvolti nella resistenza ai GC nei pazienti pediatrici T-LBL e T-ALL. In questo studio, abbiamo osservato che i pazienti pediatrici T-ALL e T-LBL sono caratterizzati da un profilo fosfoproteomico unico, suggerendo che queste neoplasie rappresentino due diverse malattie ematologiche. In aggiunta, abbiamo osservato che l’espressione/attivazione complessiva di ERK1/2 T202/Y204, AKT S473/tot, mTOR S2448/tot, FAK Y397, P21 e BAX, può distinguere i pazienti T-ALL dai T-LBL stadio IV, proponendo così un nuovo potenziale biomarcatore utile alla diagnosi delle due patologie. In aggiunta, abbiamo dimostrato che l’inibitore specifico di JAK1-2 ruxolitinib, può sensibilizzare all’azione dei GC i pazienti T-LBL con progressione della malattia e/o recidiva caratterizzati dall’iperattivazione di JAK2. Per quanto riguarda i pazienti T-ALL, abbiamo osservato che NFATc1 e c2 sono più espressi nel sottogruppo resistente ai GC, e che la via di segnalazione Calcineurina/NFAT modula la risposta ai GC nelle cellule T-ALL. In particolare, abbiamo dimostrato che il silenziamento genico di NFATc1 e NFATc2, in modo mutuamente esclusivo, può ridurre la resistenza ai GC nelle cellule T-ALL ripristinando la capacità del recettore dei glucocorticoidi di trascrivere geni pro-apoptotici. Inoltre, abbiamo dimostrato che NFATc1 modula la risposta ai GC controllando la biosintesi del colesterolo, che a sua volta può influenzare l'abbondanza delle zattere lipidiche nella membrana plasmatica e di conseguenza l’attivazione della via LCK/PLCγ, a valle del TCR. Al contrario, NFATc2 può probabilmente influenzare la risposta ai GC regolando la staminalità delle cellule T. Infine, mediante l’utilizzo in vitro, della simvastatina, abbiamo dimostrato come l’inibizione della biosintesi del colesterolo possa rappresentare una nuova opzione terapeutica per sensibilizzare ai GC i pazienti pediatrici T-ALL in cui NFATc1 guida la resistenza. Concludendo, abbiamo dimostrato che i pazienti pediatrici T-ALL e T-LBL, nonostante condividano origini e caratteristiche comuni, sono caratterizzati da un diverso profilo fosfoproteomico, che a sua volta si riflette nella capacità delle cellule di leucemia e linfoma di sfruttare vie di segnalazione e processi biologici differenti per sfuggire all'attività pro-apoptotica dei GC.
STUDIO DELLE VIE DI SEGNALAZIONE PROTEICA COINVOLTE NELLA RESISTENZA AI GLUCOCORTICOIDI NEI PAZIENTI PEDIATRICI AFFETTI DA LEUCEMIA LINFOBLASTICA ACUTA A CELLULE T (T-ALL) E DA LINFOMA LINFOBLASTICO T (T-LBL) / Veltri, Giulia. - (2023 Jun 09).
STUDIO DELLE VIE DI SEGNALAZIONE PROTEICA COINVOLTE NELLA RESISTENZA AI GLUCOCORTICOIDI NEI PAZIENTI PEDIATRICI AFFETTI DA LEUCEMIA LINFOBLASTICA ACUTA A CELLULE T (T-ALL) E DA LINFOMA LINFOBLASTICO T (T-LBL)
VELTRI, GIULIA
2023
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and T-lymphomas lymphoma (T-LBL) represent pediatric hematological malignancies, arising from T-cell precursors transformation, with common morphological and immunophenotypic features, and similar therapeutic strategies. Nowadays, there is still an ongoing discussion in the scientific community on whether the two malignancies represent two different disease entities or two distinct clinical manifestations of the same disease. Moreover, the clinical discrimination between T-ALL and T-LBL is still arbitrarily based on the blasts percentage in the Bone Marrow (BM) that is less than 25% for T-LBL patients. However, this cut-off value is particularly critical for the diagnosis of stage IV T-LBL patients since they are characterized by a BM infiltration near to 25%. Notably, so far there is no available data on T-ALL and T-LBL patients phosphoproteomic profile that could contribute to this discrimination, paving the way for the identification of potential new biomarkers useful to distinguish T-ALL from stage IV T-LBL patients. Importantly, glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used to treat both T-ALL and T-LBL pediatric patients. Although GC resistance is rather frequent and has a negative impact on patients’ prognosis, the mechanisms responsible for GC resistance in T-ALL and T-LBL are not fully defined. Thus, the identification of novel GC resistance mechanisms could allow identifying possible new therapeutic targets for pediatric T-ALL and T-LBL patients. Therefore, the major aims of this study had been: i) to characterize T-ALL and T-LBL pediatric patients phosphoproteomic profile at diagnosis, to contribute in understanding whether these two entities represent or not the same disease and to disclose potential new biomarker(s) that could contribute discriminating between stage IV T-LBL and T-ALL patients, ii) to unveil and deeply characterize new potentially targetable pathways involved in GC resistance in T-ALL and T-LBL pediatric patients. Interestingly, we uncovered that T-ALL and T-LBL patients are characterized by a unique phosphoproteomic profile suggesting that these malignancies are likely to represent two different diseases. Moreover, we identified a proteomic signature of 6 proteins, namely ERK1/2 T202/Y204, AKT S473/tot, mTOR S2448/tot, FAK Y397, P21 and BAX, whose expression/activation can discriminate stage IV T-LBL from T-ALL. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the FDA-approved specific JAK1-2 inhibitor ruxolitinib can revert GC resistance in T-LBL patients with disease progression and/or relapsed, characterized by JAK2 hyperactivation. Regarding T-ALL patients, we observed that NFATc1 and c2 are more expressed in patients that display resistance to GC at diagnosis and that Calcineurin/NFAT pathway regulates GC response in T-ALL cells. Specifically, we demonstrated that both NFATc1 and NFATc2 gene silencing, in a mutually exclusive manner, can impair GC resistance in T-ALL cells by restoring the glucocorticoid receptor ability to transcribe pro-apoptotic genes. Moreover, we observed that NFATc1 regulates GC response by controlling cholesterol biosynthesis, that in turn can affect plasma membrane lipid rafts abundance and as consequence the LCK/PLCγ TCR downstream pathway activation. Conversely, NFATc2 by regulating T cell stemness can likely influence GC response. Finally, by in vitro experiments, we demonstrated that the cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor simvastatin can represent a new therapeutic option to overcome GC resistance in T-ALL pediatric patients in whom NFATc1 drives the resistance. In conclusion, we demonstrated that T-ALL and T-LBL pediatric patients, despite sharing common origins and features, are characterized by a different phosphoproteomic profile, which in turns is reflected by the evidence that leukemia and lymphoma cells exploit different signaling protein pathways and biological processes to escape GC pro-apoptotic activity.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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TESI_DEFINITIVA_ GIULIA_VELTRI.pdf
Open Access dal 09/06/2024
Descrizione: TESI_DEFINITIVA_GIULIA_VELTRI
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