Bentonite and other clay minerals are largely used as feed additives in dairy farms in order to counteract the mycotoxin contamination of feed, which negatively affects animal health and production and represents a serious risk for consumers. However, some studies reported potential undesirable effects of clay minerals in different animal species and cell cultures and, based on anecdotical observations made by cheesemakers, there is concern that bentonite may negatively affect cow milk characteristics and cheesemaking. Moreover, clay minerals appear capable of interacting with the gut and ruminal microbiota. Therefore, the aim of the present dissertation was to investigate possible negative effects of bentonite administration in dairy cows. In particular, three different experiments were conducted: two in vitro experiments evaluated potential interferences of a commercial bentonite on ruminal fermentations and one in vivo experiment was performed in lactating Holstein dairy cows to investigate any possible side effects of this additive on animal health, physiology, and production and on milk characteristics and cheesemaking properties. In these studies, many different analytical methods were applied, including Omics. The results obtained suggest that bentonite can significantly reduce ruminal gas production in vitro, at least at the higher dose used in the experiment. Moreover, bentonite produced slight modifications of the metabolome and mineral content (mainly microelements) of the rumen fluid both in vitro and in vivo, also at the dosages set by the European Union regulation. However, cows’ homeostatic mechanisms seemed able to counteract these slight changes in rumen, as negligible or no effects of bentonite were found on the metabolome and mineral content of plasma and milk as well as on the others parameters considered (i.e. general indicators of animal health and production, oxidative stress biomarkers, milk quality and leukocyte subpopulations, milk proteome and peptidome, and milk cheesemaking properties). In conclusion, bentonite administration can be considered a safe practice in dairy farms in terms of animal health and production, milk characteristics for human consumption, and milk cheesemaking properties, at least at the doses prescribed by the European Union and for short periods. Further studies would be needed to evaluate possible side effects of long-term administration of bentonite in dairy cows.
La bentonite e altri minerali argillosi sono ampiamente utilizzati come additivi per mangimi negli allevamenti lattiferi per contrastare la contaminazione da micotossine dei mangimi, che influisce negativamente sulla salute e sulla produzione degli animali e rappresenta un grave rischio per i consumatori. Tuttavia, alcuni studi hanno riportato potenziali effetti indesiderati dei minerali argillosi in diverse specie animali e colture cellulari e, sulla base di osservazioni aneddotiche fatte dai casari, si teme che la bentonite possa influire negativamente sulle caratteristiche del latte vaccino e sulla produzione di formaggio. Inoltre, i minerali argillosi sembrano in grado di interagire con il microbiota intestinale e ruminale. Pertanto, lo scopo della presente tesi è stato quello di indagare i possibili effetti negativi della somministrazione di bentonite nelle vacche da latte. In particolare, sono stati condotti tre diversi esperimenti: due in vitro per valutare le potenziali interferenze di una bentonite commerciale sulle fermentazioni ruminali e uno in vivo su vacche da latte Holstein in lattazione per indagare i possibili effetti collaterali di questo additivo sulla salute, la fisiologia e la produzione degli animali e sulle caratteristiche e le proprietà casearie del latte. In questi studi sono stati applicati diversi metodi analitici, comprese le “Omics”. I risultati ottenuti suggeriscono che la bentonite può ridurre significativamente la produzione ruminale di gas in vitro, perlomeno alla dose più elevata utilizzata nell’esperimento. Inoltre, la bentonite ha prodotto lievi modifiche del metaboloma e del contenuto minerale (soprattutto microelementi) del liquido del rumine sia in vitro che in vivo, anche ai dosaggi stabiliti dalla normativa dell'Unione Europea. Tuttavia, i meccanismi omeostatici delle bovine sono sembrati in grado di contrastare questi lievi cambiamenti nel rumine, dal momento che sono stati riscontrati effetti trascurabili o nulli della bentonite sul metaboloma e sul contenuto minerale del plasma e del latte, nonché sugli altri parametri considerati (ossia indicatori generali della salute e della produzione animale, biomarcatori dello stress ossidativo, qualità e sottopopolazioni leucocitarie del latte, proteoma e peptidoma e proprietà di caseificazione del latte). In conclusione, la somministrazione di bentonite può essere considerata una pratica sicura negli allevamenti lattiferi in termini di salute e produzione animale, caratteristiche del latte per il consumo umano e proprietà di caseificazione del latte, almeno alle dosi prescritte dall'Unione Europea e per brevi periodi di trattamento. Sarebbero necessari ulteriori studi per valutare i possibili effetti collaterali della somministrazione a lungo termine della bentonite nelle vacche da latte.
SAFE USE OF BENTONITE IN DAIRY COWS. ASSESSMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES BY STUDYING METABOLOME AND MINERAL CONTENT IN BIOFLUIDS AND MILK CHARACTERISTICS / Damato, Anna. - (2023 Oct 06).
SAFE USE OF BENTONITE IN DAIRY COWS. ASSESSMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES BY STUDYING METABOLOME AND MINERAL CONTENT IN BIOFLUIDS AND MILK CHARACTERISTICS.
DAMATO, ANNA
2023
Abstract
Bentonite and other clay minerals are largely used as feed additives in dairy farms in order to counteract the mycotoxin contamination of feed, which negatively affects animal health and production and represents a serious risk for consumers. However, some studies reported potential undesirable effects of clay minerals in different animal species and cell cultures and, based on anecdotical observations made by cheesemakers, there is concern that bentonite may negatively affect cow milk characteristics and cheesemaking. Moreover, clay minerals appear capable of interacting with the gut and ruminal microbiota. Therefore, the aim of the present dissertation was to investigate possible negative effects of bentonite administration in dairy cows. In particular, three different experiments were conducted: two in vitro experiments evaluated potential interferences of a commercial bentonite on ruminal fermentations and one in vivo experiment was performed in lactating Holstein dairy cows to investigate any possible side effects of this additive on animal health, physiology, and production and on milk characteristics and cheesemaking properties. In these studies, many different analytical methods were applied, including Omics. The results obtained suggest that bentonite can significantly reduce ruminal gas production in vitro, at least at the higher dose used in the experiment. Moreover, bentonite produced slight modifications of the metabolome and mineral content (mainly microelements) of the rumen fluid both in vitro and in vivo, also at the dosages set by the European Union regulation. However, cows’ homeostatic mechanisms seemed able to counteract these slight changes in rumen, as negligible or no effects of bentonite were found on the metabolome and mineral content of plasma and milk as well as on the others parameters considered (i.e. general indicators of animal health and production, oxidative stress biomarkers, milk quality and leukocyte subpopulations, milk proteome and peptidome, and milk cheesemaking properties). In conclusion, bentonite administration can be considered a safe practice in dairy farms in terms of animal health and production, milk characteristics for human consumption, and milk cheesemaking properties, at least at the doses prescribed by the European Union and for short periods. Further studies would be needed to evaluate possible side effects of long-term administration of bentonite in dairy cows.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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