Social interaction level modulates the impact of frailty on cognitive decline: a longitudinal study

Objectives: This study evaluates whether social interaction level modifies the association between frailty and cognitive decline in older adults. Methods: A total of 2701 adults aged =65 years enrolled in the Progetto Veneto Anziani (Pro.V.A.), participated in the study. At baseline, participants were classified as having low, moderate, or high social interactions based on: cohabiting status, frequency of contacts with relatives/friends or involvement in childcare activities, and frequency of participation in social or community activities. Baseline frailty was defined as the presence of =3 criteria among: weight loss, weakness, slowness, low physical activity, and exhaustion. Cognitive function was assessed through the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) at baseline and after 4.4 and 7 years. The association between frailty and MMSE changes over time was evaluated through linear mixed models. Interaction and subgroup analyses explored the modifying effect of social interaction level on the above association. Results: The mean age of participants was 76.1 years, and 59.1% were women. Frail individuals had a steeper annual MMSE decline than their non-frail counterparts (13=-0.40, 95%CI: -0.59, -0.20). When stratifying participants by social interaction level, we found that the association between frailty and MMSE changes over time was stronger in those with low social interactions (13=-0.74, 95%CI: -1.33, -0.15) while attenuated in those with moderate (13=-0.42, 95%CI: -0.74, -0.11) or high social interaction level (13=-0.29, 95%CI: -0.58, 0.01).Conclusion: Maintaining frequent social interactions might mitigate the negative impact of frailty on older people's cognitive functions.