Over the past few decades, Italy has turned into a multi-ethnic society, and in 2021 the immigrant population was 8.8% of the Italian residents. The health condition of immigrants is expected to transit from a low disease occurrence toward the epidemiological profile of the lowest socioeconomic groups of the host population. This acculturation process, which entails an increase in risky behaviours, the adoption of a Westernized diet and a sedentary lifestyle, represents a threat to their cardiometabolic health. Furthermore, the accessibility of health services for immigrants is undermined by cultural and language barriers. In Italy, the primary care (PC) services are accessible and mostly free and are an ideal context for planning interventions to reduce health disparities. Many interventions in this setting have been demonstrated to be effective for the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases. The research focused on the analyses of inequalities by immigrant status in cardiometabolic outcomes avoidable by proper PC intervention, thus acting as a proxy for the quality of the PC received. Two kinds of outcomes were selected. The first outcome was the hospitalization for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSC). These are conditions for which the provision of timely and effective outpatient care can help to reduce the risks of hospitalization and is an effective indicator for the accessibility and quality of PC. Two cardiometabolic conditions among the ACSCs, diabetes mellitus (DM) and heart failure (HF) were selected. Using the data of the Italian Network of Longitudinal Metropolitan Studies network, rate ratios (RRs) of avoidable hospitalization (AH) for DM and HF by citizenship were calculated for the populations of the six cities included in the network, and summarized in a random effects meta-analysis. Results for AH for HF were also adjusted for an ecological measure of socioeconomic status. The results showed higher AH rates for DM among immigrant men (RR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.16-2.23), whereas no significant difference was found for DM among women (RR: 1.14, 95% CI: 0.65-1.99) and for HF, overall (RR: 1.26, 95% CI: 0.97–1.68) and for both sexes. Socioeconomic differences were an insufficient explanation for the increased AH in foreign-born, other explanations might have been the higher risk factors among immigrants, and a reduced access or lower quality of PC. The next outcomes examined were the clinical and biochemical parameters collected within the health surveillance program of the Veneto Region. Differences in blood pressure (BP) and cholesterol between adult first-generation immigrants and Italians were examined, and how the migration pattern could affect health outcomes. Although no differences were seen for cholesterol and BP levels by migrant status, heterogeneous results were seen by the macro-areas of origin and sex. Acculturation led to a convergence toward the epidemiological profile of the host population, depending on the starting condition of each immigrant group. Finally, the association of migrant status and BP was unravelled examining the effect of covariates, with a multiple mediation analysis. The health advantage in the BP levels for the immigrant groups, net of potential mediators, was suppressed by the effect of some mediators, and in particular the body mass index (BMI) played the highest suppressive role. This dissertation provides an extensive contribution on the inequalities by migrant status in cardiometabolic outcomes that could be addressed with interventions in the PC setting, indicating the partial role played by the socioeconomic status, the effect on health of the acculturation process, and the importance of BMI in mediating these disparities. The large heterogeneity of the results by sex and macro-area of origin indicates the need for targeted interventions towards the groups at higher risk.
Negli ultimi decenni l’Italia è divenuta una società multietnica, con l’8,8% della popolazione residente rappresentata da immigrati nel 2021. Solitamente, la salute degli immigrati è buona all’arrivo, ma subisce un peggioramento, avvicinandosi allo stato di salute della popolazione autoctona più svantaggiata. L’acculturazione comporta infatti un aumento di comportamenti a rischio per malattie cardio-metaboliche, come la sedentarietà e una dieta ricca in grassi. Gli immigrati, inoltre, affrontano barriere linguistiche e culturali che limitano l’accesso ai servizi sanitari. I servizi di assistenza primaria in Italia sono accessibili a tutti i residenti, e quasi sempre gratuiti, pertanto sono il luogo ideale per interventi volti a ridurre le disuguaglianze. Inoltre, diversi interventi in questo contesto sono stati efficaci nella prevenzione delle malattie cardio-metaboliche. Questa ricerca ha come obiettivo l’analisi delle disuguaglianze per stato migratorio negli outcome cardio-metabolici evitabili con un’adeguata assistenza primaria. I due tipi di outcome analizzati si possono considerare come dei proxy della qualità dell’assistenza primaria ricevuta. Il primo indicatore è l’ospedalizzazione per condizioni evitabili con cure primarie adeguate e tempestive (OE). Selezionando l’OE per due condizioni cardio-metaboliche, diabete e scompenso cardiaco, sono stati calcolati i tassi di OE per italiani e stranieri, utilizzando i dati di sei città della rete italiana degli studi longitudinali metropolitani, combinandoli poi in una metanalisi ad effetti random. I risultati per lo scompenso cardiaco sono stati aggiustati anche per una misura di condizione socioeconomica. Sono stati riscontrati tassi più elevati di OE per diabete tra i maschi immigrati rispetto agli italiani (RR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.16-2.23), mentre non vi erano differenze per DM fra le femmine (RR: 1.14, 95% CI: 0.65-1.99), né vi erano differenze di OE per HF, né complessivamente (RR: 1.26, 95% CI: 0.97–1.68) né per sesso. La diversa condizione socioeconomica non era sufficiente a spiegare le differenze tra immigrati e italiani, che probabilmente dipendono anche da una maggiore prevalenza di comportamenti a rischio tra gli immigrati e un ridotto accesso - o una minore qualità - dell’assistenza primaria. In secondo luogo sono stati analizzati i parametri clinici e biochimici per stato migratorio, dai dati del sistema di sorveglianza della Regione Veneto. Sono state valutate differenze nei valori pressori e di colesterolo tra adulti immigrati di prima generazione e italiani, e come tali differenze variano in base all’età all’arrivo e tempo di permanenza in Italia. Anche se non vi erano differenze tra italiani e immigrati per questi indicatori, è stata riscontrata molta eterogeneità nei risultati per sesso e macro-area di origine. Si conferma che il processo di acculturazione avvicinava al profilo epidemiologico della popolazione ospite, in base alle condizioni di partenza di ciascun gruppo di immigrati. Infine, si è valutato con un’analisi di mediazione multipla il possibile effetto di alcune covariate nella relazione tra stato migratorio e pressione sanguigna appena analizzata. L’evidente vantaggio di salute che emergeva per gli immigrati al netto delle variabili di mediazione, veniva soppresso dall’effetto dei mediatori, e tra questi BMI aveva il maggior effetto soppressivo. Gli studi raccolti in questa tesi offrono un ampio contributo alla valutazione delle disuguaglianze di salute nei pattern cardio-metabolici che possono essere mitigate con interventi adeguati nel setting delle cure primarie. Viene in particolare evidenziato il ruolo parziale dello stato socioeconomico, il ruolo dell’acculturazione e l’importanza del BMI nello spiegare tali disuguaglianze. La grande eterogeneità dei risultati per sesso e macro-area di origine indica la necessità di interventi mirati verso i gruppi a maggior rischio.
Cardiometabolic outcomes in regular immigrants in Italy: the role of the primary care / DALLA ZUANNA, Teresa. - (2023 Jun 23).
Cardiometabolic outcomes in regular immigrants in Italy: the role of the primary care
DALLA ZUANNA, TERESA
2023
Abstract
Over the past few decades, Italy has turned into a multi-ethnic society, and in 2021 the immigrant population was 8.8% of the Italian residents. The health condition of immigrants is expected to transit from a low disease occurrence toward the epidemiological profile of the lowest socioeconomic groups of the host population. This acculturation process, which entails an increase in risky behaviours, the adoption of a Westernized diet and a sedentary lifestyle, represents a threat to their cardiometabolic health. Furthermore, the accessibility of health services for immigrants is undermined by cultural and language barriers. In Italy, the primary care (PC) services are accessible and mostly free and are an ideal context for planning interventions to reduce health disparities. Many interventions in this setting have been demonstrated to be effective for the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases. The research focused on the analyses of inequalities by immigrant status in cardiometabolic outcomes avoidable by proper PC intervention, thus acting as a proxy for the quality of the PC received. Two kinds of outcomes were selected. The first outcome was the hospitalization for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSC). These are conditions for which the provision of timely and effective outpatient care can help to reduce the risks of hospitalization and is an effective indicator for the accessibility and quality of PC. Two cardiometabolic conditions among the ACSCs, diabetes mellitus (DM) and heart failure (HF) were selected. Using the data of the Italian Network of Longitudinal Metropolitan Studies network, rate ratios (RRs) of avoidable hospitalization (AH) for DM and HF by citizenship were calculated for the populations of the six cities included in the network, and summarized in a random effects meta-analysis. Results for AH for HF were also adjusted for an ecological measure of socioeconomic status. The results showed higher AH rates for DM among immigrant men (RR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.16-2.23), whereas no significant difference was found for DM among women (RR: 1.14, 95% CI: 0.65-1.99) and for HF, overall (RR: 1.26, 95% CI: 0.97–1.68) and for both sexes. Socioeconomic differences were an insufficient explanation for the increased AH in foreign-born, other explanations might have been the higher risk factors among immigrants, and a reduced access or lower quality of PC. The next outcomes examined were the clinical and biochemical parameters collected within the health surveillance program of the Veneto Region. Differences in blood pressure (BP) and cholesterol between adult first-generation immigrants and Italians were examined, and how the migration pattern could affect health outcomes. Although no differences were seen for cholesterol and BP levels by migrant status, heterogeneous results were seen by the macro-areas of origin and sex. Acculturation led to a convergence toward the epidemiological profile of the host population, depending on the starting condition of each immigrant group. Finally, the association of migrant status and BP was unravelled examining the effect of covariates, with a multiple mediation analysis. The health advantage in the BP levels for the immigrant groups, net of potential mediators, was suppressed by the effect of some mediators, and in particular the body mass index (BMI) played the highest suppressive role. This dissertation provides an extensive contribution on the inequalities by migrant status in cardiometabolic outcomes that could be addressed with interventions in the PC setting, indicating the partial role played by the socioeconomic status, the effect on health of the acculturation process, and the importance of BMI in mediating these disparities. The large heterogeneity of the results by sex and macro-area of origin indicates the need for targeted interventions towards the groups at higher risk.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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DallaZuanna_TesiPhD_DEFINITIVA.pdf
Open Access dal 23/06/2024
Descrizione: Tesi revisionata definitiva Dalla Zuanna Teresa
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4.82 MB
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