It is now well recognized that human activities are responsible of climate change. Among these activities, agriculture is responsible of about one fifth of greenhouse gas emission, and determines a series of negative environmental impacts, like soil deterioration and the loss of biodiversity. While the demand for agricultural land is constantly increasing to meet the needs of the rising population, it will be imperative to prevent the exacerbation of environmental issues by seeking more sustainable solutions. In this perspective microalgae were proposed as a sustainable source of proteins, oils and pigments and so on. For the sustainable production of food oils, Nannochloropsis gaditana was proposed as an optimal source due to its outstanding capacity of accumulating lipids, up to the 60% of its biomass and furthermore it synthetises omega-3 with recognized anti-inflammatory properties. It has been proposed that this outstanding capacity of accumulating lipids is due to the abundance of lipid-related genes in the genome, which complicate the direct extrapolation of information about the pathway from model organisms like Arabidopsis thaliana and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. However, the use of N. gaditana and other oleaginous microalgae in the food industry is still limited, due to the different composition compared to crop-derived oils, leading to diverse chemical-physical properties. Since the lipid profile is strictly linked to the genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway, genetic engineering has been proposed as an effective strategy to produce industrial relevant oil for food application. The aim of this thesis was therefore a deep investigation of the lipid biosynthetic pathway of N. gaditana, to elucidate its peculiar characteristics and identify interesting target genes for modification. To modify the quality of oils, we investigated the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway, by analysing the role of a desaturase and a thioesterase, responsible for the degree of saturation and the length of the acyl chains respectively. We were able to produce strains with an altered fatty acid profile and to partially elucidate the pathway, that in N. gaditana proved to be more complex with respect to model organisms. We then examined the last steps of lipid biosynthesis, to generate strains with an increased lipid content and possible applications at industrial level. N. gaditana turned out to be an interesting organism for the investigation of lipid biosynthesis, offering a wide possibility of genome modification, to both comprehend the pathway and the produce industrial relevant strains. Due to the relevance of genetic engineering, we explored the development and application of new tools, to offer then a broader variety of strategies. Finally, due to the industrial relevance that N. gaditana may have, we evaluated the effects the variable light conditions on cultures, to provide a perspective for large scale cultivation.
È ormai riconosciuto che le attività dell’uomo sono responsabili del cambiamento climatico. Fra queste attività l’agricoltura è responsabile dell’emissione di circa un quinto dei gas serra e determina una serie di effetti negativi sull’ambiente come l’erosione del suolo e la perdita di biodiversità. Per soddisfare le richieste della crescente popolazione, la domanda di terreni da destinare all’agricoltura è in continua crescita, ma sarà necessario prevenire l’inasprimento delle questioni ambientali cercando delle soluzioni più sostenibili. In questa prospettiva le microalghe sono state proposte come una fonte sostenibile di proteine, oli e pigmenti. Per la produzione sostenibile di oli alimentari, Nannochloropsis gaditana è stata proposta come un’ottima fonte per via della sua capacità di accumulare lipidi fino al 60% della sua biomassa e di sintetizzare omega-3 con riconosciute proprietà antinfiammatorie. È stato suggerito che questa capacità di accumulo di lipidi sia dovuta all’abbondanza di geni coinvolti nella biosintesi, che ne complica la diretta estrapolazione di informazioni a partire da organismi modello come Arabidopsis thaliana e Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Tuttavia, l’utilizzo nel settore alimentare di N. gaditana e di altre microalghe oleaginose è ancora limitato, per via della diversa composizione rispetto agli oli vegetali attuali, determinando quindi diverse proprietà chimico fisiche. Dato che il profilo lipidico è strettamente correlato ai geni coinvolti nella pathway di biosintesi, l’ingegneria genetica è stata proposta come strategia efficace per produrre oli di interesse nel settore alimentare. Lo scopo di questa tesi è stato perciò un’approfondita analisi della via di biosintesi dei lipidi di N. gaditana, per elucidarne le caratteristiche e identificare geni per le modiche. Per modificare la qualità degli oli, abbiamo indagato la via di biosintesi degli acidi grassi, analizzando il ruolo di una desaturasi e una tioesterasi, rispettivamente responsabili del grado di saturazione e della lunghezza delle catene aciliche. Abbiamo prodotto dei ceppi con un profilo di acidi grassi alterato e siamo riusciti a caratterizzare alcuni nodi della biosintesi, che sono risultati più complessi rispetto ad altri organismi modello. Abbiamo poi esaminato gli ultimi step della biosintesi dei lipidi, per generare ceppi con una maggiore capacità di accumulo e quindi una possibile applicazione industriale. N. gaditana si è rivelata un organismo interessante per lo studio della biosintesi dei lipidi, capace di offrire un’ampia possibilità di modiche genetiche, sia per comprendere meglio la pathway ma anche per produrre ceppi di interesse industriale. Dato il rilievo dell’ingegneria genetica, abbiamo approfondito lo sviluppo e l’applicazione di nuovi tools, per offrire una più ampia gamma di strategie. Infine, per l’interesse industriale che N. gaditana potrà avere, abbiamo valutato gli effetti di una luce, caratterizzata da intensità variabile, per offrire una prospettiva della crescita su larga scala.
Genetic engineering of lipid biosynthesis in Nannochloropsis gaditana for food oil production / Bucci, Francesca. - (2023 Jun 06).
Genetic engineering of lipid biosynthesis in Nannochloropsis gaditana for food oil production
BUCCI, FRANCESCA
2023
Abstract
It is now well recognized that human activities are responsible of climate change. Among these activities, agriculture is responsible of about one fifth of greenhouse gas emission, and determines a series of negative environmental impacts, like soil deterioration and the loss of biodiversity. While the demand for agricultural land is constantly increasing to meet the needs of the rising population, it will be imperative to prevent the exacerbation of environmental issues by seeking more sustainable solutions. In this perspective microalgae were proposed as a sustainable source of proteins, oils and pigments and so on. For the sustainable production of food oils, Nannochloropsis gaditana was proposed as an optimal source due to its outstanding capacity of accumulating lipids, up to the 60% of its biomass and furthermore it synthetises omega-3 with recognized anti-inflammatory properties. It has been proposed that this outstanding capacity of accumulating lipids is due to the abundance of lipid-related genes in the genome, which complicate the direct extrapolation of information about the pathway from model organisms like Arabidopsis thaliana and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. However, the use of N. gaditana and other oleaginous microalgae in the food industry is still limited, due to the different composition compared to crop-derived oils, leading to diverse chemical-physical properties. Since the lipid profile is strictly linked to the genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway, genetic engineering has been proposed as an effective strategy to produce industrial relevant oil for food application. The aim of this thesis was therefore a deep investigation of the lipid biosynthetic pathway of N. gaditana, to elucidate its peculiar characteristics and identify interesting target genes for modification. To modify the quality of oils, we investigated the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway, by analysing the role of a desaturase and a thioesterase, responsible for the degree of saturation and the length of the acyl chains respectively. We were able to produce strains with an altered fatty acid profile and to partially elucidate the pathway, that in N. gaditana proved to be more complex with respect to model organisms. We then examined the last steps of lipid biosynthesis, to generate strains with an increased lipid content and possible applications at industrial level. N. gaditana turned out to be an interesting organism for the investigation of lipid biosynthesis, offering a wide possibility of genome modification, to both comprehend the pathway and the produce industrial relevant strains. Due to the relevance of genetic engineering, we explored the development and application of new tools, to offer then a broader variety of strategies. Finally, due to the industrial relevance that N. gaditana may have, we evaluated the effects the variable light conditions on cultures, to provide a perspective for large scale cultivation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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