During the 1950s, the literary genre known today as “science fiction” was starting to be recognized in Italy, successfully translated as “fantascienza”. Therefore, a specific label was finally available to describe the numerous visions of scientifical development, both wonderous and nightmarish, that had been circulating in the country since the nineteenth century. This tangle of ideas about the future of mankind acquired particular relevance during the Cold War, a context in which two distinct notions of modernity opposed each other, and in which the challenge between the Soviet and American models was articulated also through technological competition. The imaginary of science fiction, spread using the instruments of mass culture, provided the Italian public with possible meanings and interpretative frames. These could prove useful to navigate the uneven paths of scientific development and of rising consumerism. The symbols evoked by these kinds of narratives have been rarely considered by historiography. Even the few investigations published, tend to underestimate the role played by children and youth magazines in the construction of the popular imagination of science and technology. This research represents a first attempt to fill this gap, proposing a close reading of all the materials published during the 1950s by three Italian illustrated periodicals for the youth. The weeklies were chosen to mirror the variety of the Italian ideological tendencies of the period. They are the «Pioniere», the magazine of the socialist-communist organization Associazione Pionieri d’Italia (API), «Il Vittorioso» (tied to the GIAC, the youth section of catholic association Azione cattolica), and the more centerfield «Corriere dei Piccoli». This last one was not linked with any youth association, but was instead an illustrated spin-off of the «Corriere della Sera»: more aware of the rules of the editorial market, the weekly still demonstrated some ideological leanings. Through the analysis and the comparison of the published contents, both written and illustrated, this thesis seeks to investigate the meanings attributed by these magazines to the future, to the idea of modernization and to the ongoing process of scientific development. Following this route, the fantastical popularization of science is shown to be a fundamental discursive resource to appeal to younger generations and to contribute to their education, especially regarding moral and ethical values. These periodicals, in fact, considered themselves to be means of both entertainment and education, in opposition against the perceived immorality of comics. Chapter I is therefore dedicated to the birth of the comics medium and its ties with the juvenile press. Chapter II focuses instead on the ideological and editorial features of the three chosen magazines: these are examined with the help of images and text that were collected during the research but that do not directly involve the representations of science and technology. The three remaining sections contain the very core of the research and each one of them is devoted to one of the pivotal themes of Cold War scientific imagination. Throughout this part the different ideas and meanings conveyed by the periodicals are highlighted, but without forgetting the similarities made sometimes evident thanks to closed reading of comics, editorials and recurring features. Chapter III, for example, delves into the wondrous visions of space exploration: starting from the depictions of the Spunik triumph, this part of the thesis goes on towards exploring the fantastical possibilities of alien life. Chapter IV takes instead into account the dreams and nightmares of atomic energy, a symbolic arena that proved important for propaganda. Finally, Chapter V then is devoted to the analysis of the representations of machines and robots, archetypical characters of technical modernity.
Durante gli anni Cinquanta andava codificandosi anche in Italia il genere letterario commercialmente noto come “fantascienza”. Si dava così un’etichetta specifica alle innumerevoli suggestioni riguardo le meraviglie e i pericoli dello sviluppo tecno-scientifico che già dal secolo precedente circolavano nel nostro paese. Nel contesto bipolare della Guerra fredda, che vedeva opporsi due distinte concezioni di modernità - e in cui la sfida tra il modello sovietico e quello statunitense si articolava anche attraverso la competizione scientifica - questo insieme di visioni sul futuro dell’uomo acquisì particolare rilevanza. L’immaginario fantascientifico, diffuso attraverso gli strumenti della cultura di massa, forniva così anche al pubblico italiano spunti e cornici interpretative utili ad orientarsi tra i sentieri di un contraddittorio sviluppo tecnico e consumistico. I simboli evocati da queste narrazioni raramente sono stati presi in considerazione dalla storiografia e, nelle poche ricostruzioni di questo immaginario, è stato spesso sottovalutato il ruolo giocato dalla stampa periodica per l’infanzia e la giovinezza. Al tema è perciò dedicata questa ricerca, che si basa sull’analisi approfondita dei materiali pubblicati durante gli anni Cinquanta da tre periodici italiani mirati ai più giovani. Tali pubblicazioni sono state scelte perché legate a orizzonti ideologici, politici e pedagogici tra loro distanti. Il «Pioniere» era infatti il settimanale dell’Associazione Pionieri d’Italia (API), che riuniva comunisti e socialisti, mentre «Il Vittorioso» era emanazione della GIAC, la Gioventù italiana di Azione cattolica. Il «Corriere dei Piccoli», non legato ad appartenenze associazionistiche, era invece filiazione illustrata del «Corriere della Sera». Si trattava di un’operazione più votata al mercato editoriale, rappresentativa però anche di un gusto medio influente e non privo di richiami a visioni tradizionali. Attraverso il confronto e l’analisi dei contenuti pubblicati, tanto grafici e illustrati quanto scritti, si cerca in questa tesi di indagare i significati attribuiti da questi giornalini al futuro, alla modernità e allo sviluppo scientifico. Si scopre così nella divulgazione scientifica un polo discorsivo considerato fondamentale per il rapporto con i giovani e soprattutto per la loro formazione, anche morale. Formativo, oltre che di intrattenimento, era infatti il compito che si attribuivano questi periodici, in opposizione alla percepita immoralità delle pubblicazioni più commerciali. Alla nascita del fumetto e al suo complesso rapporto con la stampa giovanile, oltre che al fecondo legame con le narrazioni futuribili, è perciò dedicato il capitolo I. Il capitolo II invece ha l’obiettivo di esaminare i caratteri ideologici e editoriali dei tre settimanali scelti, utilizzando testi e immagini esplicativi raccolti durante la ricerca, ma non direttamente riguardanti le rappresentazioni della scienza e della tecnica. I restanti tre capitoli sono centrati ciascuno su di un argomento cardine per l’immaginazione scientifica dell’epoca. Tutti i temi sono trattati evidenziando le differenti concezioni dei tre settimanali, ma senza dimenticare le convergenze, a volte inaspettate, che emergono attraverso una lettura attenta di fumetti, editoriali e articoli. Il capitolo III approfondisce ad esempio le visioni meravigliose legate all’esplorazione spaziale: dalle rappresentazioni del trionfo sovietico dello Sputnik si passa all’esame dei simboli legati ai possibili incontri fantastici con altri esseri viventi e altre società. Il capitolo IV prende invece in considerazione i sogni e gli incubi dell’energia atomica, spazio simbolico in cui più forte era l’investimento propagandistico che opponeva USA e URSS. Nel capitolo V infine si analizzano con attenzione le rappresentazioni della macchina, forse l’archetipo principale della modernità e dei suoi ritrovati.
“Elementi di una educazione cosmica”: scienza, futuro e modernità fra «Corriere dei Piccoli», «Il Vittorioso» e «Pioniere» (1950-1960) / Argenio, Giulio. - (2022 Jun 22).
“Elementi di una educazione cosmica”: scienza, futuro e modernità fra «Corriere dei Piccoli», «Il Vittorioso» e «Pioniere» (1950-1960)
ARGENIO, GIULIO
2022
Abstract
During the 1950s, the literary genre known today as “science fiction” was starting to be recognized in Italy, successfully translated as “fantascienza”. Therefore, a specific label was finally available to describe the numerous visions of scientifical development, both wonderous and nightmarish, that had been circulating in the country since the nineteenth century. This tangle of ideas about the future of mankind acquired particular relevance during the Cold War, a context in which two distinct notions of modernity opposed each other, and in which the challenge between the Soviet and American models was articulated also through technological competition. The imaginary of science fiction, spread using the instruments of mass culture, provided the Italian public with possible meanings and interpretative frames. These could prove useful to navigate the uneven paths of scientific development and of rising consumerism. The symbols evoked by these kinds of narratives have been rarely considered by historiography. Even the few investigations published, tend to underestimate the role played by children and youth magazines in the construction of the popular imagination of science and technology. This research represents a first attempt to fill this gap, proposing a close reading of all the materials published during the 1950s by three Italian illustrated periodicals for the youth. The weeklies were chosen to mirror the variety of the Italian ideological tendencies of the period. They are the «Pioniere», the magazine of the socialist-communist organization Associazione Pionieri d’Italia (API), «Il Vittorioso» (tied to the GIAC, the youth section of catholic association Azione cattolica), and the more centerfield «Corriere dei Piccoli». This last one was not linked with any youth association, but was instead an illustrated spin-off of the «Corriere della Sera»: more aware of the rules of the editorial market, the weekly still demonstrated some ideological leanings. Through the analysis and the comparison of the published contents, both written and illustrated, this thesis seeks to investigate the meanings attributed by these magazines to the future, to the idea of modernization and to the ongoing process of scientific development. Following this route, the fantastical popularization of science is shown to be a fundamental discursive resource to appeal to younger generations and to contribute to their education, especially regarding moral and ethical values. These periodicals, in fact, considered themselves to be means of both entertainment and education, in opposition against the perceived immorality of comics. Chapter I is therefore dedicated to the birth of the comics medium and its ties with the juvenile press. Chapter II focuses instead on the ideological and editorial features of the three chosen magazines: these are examined with the help of images and text that were collected during the research but that do not directly involve the representations of science and technology. The three remaining sections contain the very core of the research and each one of them is devoted to one of the pivotal themes of Cold War scientific imagination. Throughout this part the different ideas and meanings conveyed by the periodicals are highlighted, but without forgetting the similarities made sometimes evident thanks to closed reading of comics, editorials and recurring features. Chapter III, for example, delves into the wondrous visions of space exploration: starting from the depictions of the Spunik triumph, this part of the thesis goes on towards exploring the fantastical possibilities of alien life. Chapter IV takes instead into account the dreams and nightmares of atomic energy, a symbolic arena that proved important for propaganda. Finally, Chapter V then is devoted to the analysis of the representations of machines and robots, archetypical characters of technical modernity.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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