In most European dairy farms, calves are usually separated from their dams immediately or within few hours after birth. Early separation of the calf from the cow is a keystone of modern dairy systems. Consumers are increasingly questioning the naturalness of this practice that prevents cow-calf bond and expression of animals’ natural behaviors. In a context of a growing societal concern on livestock farming conditions in general and animal welfare issues in particular, the aim of this doctoral thesis was to experimentally investigate different dairy calf rearing systems allowing cow-calf contacts (CCC). We compared four different CCC practices applied to 14 cows-calf couples, to artificial rearing practices (Control) in order to find out the practice corresponding to the best trade-off between animal welfare, animal performance and economic impact. The first objective was to quantify the consequences of these practices on animal performance and stress at weaning. In Trial 1, we tested two short-time CCC practices, where calves had access to their dams for a short period every day until weaning (20 min “Before” and 2.5 h “After” morning milking) (Chapter 2). In Trial 2, we tested a day-time CCC, where calves had access to their dam between the two daily milkings (“Dam’” 9 h/day). In Trial 3, we tested two day-time CCC; in the first one the calves had a day-time access to dams until weaning (“Dam”, 6 h/day) while in the other one the calves had a day-time access to dams until 4 weeks of age before being separated from their dam and reared as calves of the Control group until weaning (“Mixed”) (Chapter 3). The second objective was to investigate if the early-life dam-calf contact and grazing experience influence post-weaning behavior and herbage selection of dairy calves in the short term after the turn out to pasture. In Trial 3, we therefore investigated the effect of three different early-life experience on the calves’ grazing and social behavior after weaning (Chapter 4). Finally, the third objective was to simulate the economic impact of two suckling practices (Short-time contact and Day-time contact) on three different farming systems in France (Chapter 5). Based on the results of this thesis, we can conclude that in our conditions, a short-time CCC immediately after milking fails to cover the calves' nutritional needs and significantly reduces the amount of sellable milk, while a short-time CCC immediately before milking satisfies the calves’ nutritional needs but drastically reduces the amount of sellable milk. A day-time CCC for few weeks after birth slightly reduce the milk losses and cows’ distress but does not benefit on calves’ growth and distress, while allowing a day-time CCC until weaning offers a good compromise between meeting calf nutritional requirements and preserving sellable milk. Dam-calf contact in early-life influences calves’ social interactions in both pre-weaning and post-weaning periods and early grazing experience influences the herbage selection of dairy calves in the short term after the turn out to pasture. Distress at weaning is an obvious welfare concern of CCC systems but also of conventional systems for calves, and must be solved by implementing gradual weaning practices. Finally, in terms of economic viability, we concluded that the implementation in dairy systems of a day-time CCC practice during 12 weeks could be an economically viable option as the loss of sellable milk due to suckling is compensated by improved calf growth and reduced workload. Further studies are still needed to investigate the application of labels that identify “animal welfare” practices or “husbandry systems” traceability to have the opportunity to generate an added value for practices allowing cow-calf contacts.
Nella maggior parte degli allevamenti di bovini da latte i vitelli sono di norma separati dalle loro madri immediatamente o entro poche ore dalla nascita. La separazione precoce del vitello dalla vacca è un fattore critico dal punto di vista della sostenibilità sociale degli allevamenti bovini. In un contesto di crescente preoccupazione della società per le condizioni di allevamento in generale e per le questioni di benessere degli animali nello specifico, lo scopo di questa tesi di dottorato è stato quello di studiare sperimentalmente diversi sistemi di allevamento dei vitelli da latte che consentano il contatto vacca-vitello (CCC). Abbiamo confrontato quattro diverse pratiche di CCC applicate a 14 coppie vacca-vitello, con le pratiche di allevamento artificiale al fine di verificare quali tra queste garantisca il miglior compromesso tra il benessere degli animali, le perfomance degli animali e la sostenibilità economica dell’azienda. Il primo obiettivo è stato quello di quantificare le conseguenze di queste pratiche sulle performance degli animali e sullo stress allo svezzamento. Nella Prova 1, abbiamo testato due sistemi di CCC di breve durata, in cui i vitelli avevano accesso alle loro madri per un breve periodo ogni giorno fino allo svezzamento (20 minuti prima e 2,5 ore dopo la mungitura del mattino). Nella Prova 2, abbiamo testato una pratica CCC giornaliera, in cui i vitelli hanno avuto accesso alla loro madre nel periodo che intercorreva tra le due mungiture giornaliere (9 h/giorno). Nella Prova 3, abbiamo testato due pratiche CCC giornaliere; nella prima i vitelli hanno avuto un accesso giornaliero alla madre fino allo svezzamento (6 h/giorno) mentre nell'altra i vitelli hanno avuto un accesso giornaliero alla madre fino a 4 settimane di età prima di essere separati dalla madre e allevati come vitelli del gruppo di controllo fino allo svezzamento. Il secondo obiettivo è stato quello di indagare se il contatto precoce tra la madre e il vitello e la precoce esperienza al pascolo influenzino il comportamento post-svezzamento e la selezione dell'erba dei vitelli nel breve periodo dopo il passaggio al pascolo. Nella prova 3, abbiamo quindi studiato l'effetto di tre diverse esperienze nella prima fase di vita sul comportamento al pascolo e sociale dei vitelli dopo lo svezzamento (Capitolo 4). Infine, il terzo obiettivo è stato quello di simulare l'impatto economico di due pratiche di allattamento (contatto di breve durata “Short-time contact” e contatto diurno “Day-time contact”) su tre diversi sistemi di allevamento in Francia. Sulla base dei risultati di questa tesi, possiamo concludere che nelle nostre condizioni sperimentali, permettere un CCC diurno per alcune settimane dopo la nascita riduce leggermente le perdite di latte e lo stress allo svezzamento delle vacche, ma non ha benefici sulla crescita e sullo stress allo svezzamento dei vitelli, mentre un CCC diurno fino allo svezzamento offre un buon compromesso tra soddisfare le esigenze nutrizionali dei vitelli e conservare il latte vendibile. Il contatto tra la madre e il vitello nelle prime fasi di vita influenza le interazioni sociali dei vitelli sia nel periodo pre-svezzamento che in quello post-svezzamento e l'esperienza di pascolo precoce influenza la selezione dell'erba dei vitelli nel breve periodo dopo il passaggio al pascolo. Lo stress allo svezzamento è un’evidente preoccupazione per il benessere degli animali nei sistemi CCC ma anche per i vitelli nei sistemi convenzionali, e deve essere risolta implementando pratiche di svezzamento graduali. Infine, in termini di sostenibilità economica, abbiamo concluso che l'applicazione negli allevamenti di bovini da latte di una pratica CCC diurna durante 12 settimane potrebbe essere un'opzione economicamente sostenibile in quanto la perdita di latte vendibile dovuta all'allattamento è compensata da una migliore crescita dei vitelli e da una riduzione del carico di lavoro.
Allattamento materno dei vitelli negli allevamenti di bovini da latte: conseguenze sulle prestazioni produttive, comportamento alimentare e benessere animale / Nicolao, Alessandra. - (2022 May 05).
Allattamento materno dei vitelli negli allevamenti di bovini da latte: conseguenze sulle prestazioni produttive, comportamento alimentare e benessere animale
NICOLAO, ALESSANDRA
2022
Abstract
In most European dairy farms, calves are usually separated from their dams immediately or within few hours after birth. Early separation of the calf from the cow is a keystone of modern dairy systems. Consumers are increasingly questioning the naturalness of this practice that prevents cow-calf bond and expression of animals’ natural behaviors. In a context of a growing societal concern on livestock farming conditions in general and animal welfare issues in particular, the aim of this doctoral thesis was to experimentally investigate different dairy calf rearing systems allowing cow-calf contacts (CCC). We compared four different CCC practices applied to 14 cows-calf couples, to artificial rearing practices (Control) in order to find out the practice corresponding to the best trade-off between animal welfare, animal performance and economic impact. The first objective was to quantify the consequences of these practices on animal performance and stress at weaning. In Trial 1, we tested two short-time CCC practices, where calves had access to their dams for a short period every day until weaning (20 min “Before” and 2.5 h “After” morning milking) (Chapter 2). In Trial 2, we tested a day-time CCC, where calves had access to their dam between the two daily milkings (“Dam’” 9 h/day). In Trial 3, we tested two day-time CCC; in the first one the calves had a day-time access to dams until weaning (“Dam”, 6 h/day) while in the other one the calves had a day-time access to dams until 4 weeks of age before being separated from their dam and reared as calves of the Control group until weaning (“Mixed”) (Chapter 3). The second objective was to investigate if the early-life dam-calf contact and grazing experience influence post-weaning behavior and herbage selection of dairy calves in the short term after the turn out to pasture. In Trial 3, we therefore investigated the effect of three different early-life experience on the calves’ grazing and social behavior after weaning (Chapter 4). Finally, the third objective was to simulate the economic impact of two suckling practices (Short-time contact and Day-time contact) on three different farming systems in France (Chapter 5). Based on the results of this thesis, we can conclude that in our conditions, a short-time CCC immediately after milking fails to cover the calves' nutritional needs and significantly reduces the amount of sellable milk, while a short-time CCC immediately before milking satisfies the calves’ nutritional needs but drastically reduces the amount of sellable milk. A day-time CCC for few weeks after birth slightly reduce the milk losses and cows’ distress but does not benefit on calves’ growth and distress, while allowing a day-time CCC until weaning offers a good compromise between meeting calf nutritional requirements and preserving sellable milk. Dam-calf contact in early-life influences calves’ social interactions in both pre-weaning and post-weaning periods and early grazing experience influences the herbage selection of dairy calves in the short term after the turn out to pasture. Distress at weaning is an obvious welfare concern of CCC systems but also of conventional systems for calves, and must be solved by implementing gradual weaning practices. Finally, in terms of economic viability, we concluded that the implementation in dairy systems of a day-time CCC practice during 12 weeks could be an economically viable option as the loss of sellable milk due to suckling is compensated by improved calf growth and reduced workload. Further studies are still needed to investigate the application of labels that identify “animal welfare” practices or “husbandry systems” traceability to have the opportunity to generate an added value for practices allowing cow-calf contacts.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
tesi_definitiva_Alessandra_Nicolao.pdf
accesso aperto
Descrizione: tesi_definitiva_Alessandra_Nicolao
Tipologia:
Tesi di dottorato
Dimensione
10.81 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
10.81 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
Pubblicazioni consigliate
I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.