In this Phd thesis, carbon aggregates from ureilites have been extracted and analysed in a multimethodological approach to gain more insights in how ureilitic diamonds have formed. Ureilites represent the second largest group of achondrites and are known to contain significant amount of carbon, mainly in the form of graphite and diamond. The formation of these diamonds is a timely and strongly discussed topic. Over decades, three major hypotheses have been published: (i) the formation deep inside a planetary body, (ii) the direct transformation from graphite to diamond upon shock and (iii) the formation from a chemical vapour deposition (CVD). Generally, the direct transformation from graphite to diamond during a shock event, i.e., a major impact which destroyed the ureilite parent body, is the most accepted one. However, recent studies claimed to have found presumed large diamonds in a ureilite which were interpreted to have formed deep inside a planetary body which had a size in the range between Mercury and Mars and were the initiator for this work. Further large diamonds in ureilites were found and thoroughly characterised. The multimethodological approach included optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission gun electron microprobe analyser, mass spectroscopy and first tests of micro-X-ray computed tomography. A few comparably very large ureilitic diamonds were found and characterised. Based on their crystallographic and isotopic features, it is evident that these microdiamonds originate from graphite which was present on the ureilite parent body and has been transformed to diamond upon high pressures and tem- peratures during a shock event. Hence, there is no necessity for a large ureilite parent body to produce microdiamonds.
In questo progetto, aggregati di carbonio provenienti da ureiliti sono stati estratti e analizzati attraverso un approccio multimetodologico al fine di comprendere la formazione dei diamanti ureilitici. Le ureiliti rappresentano il secondo gruppo più grande di achondriti e contengono significative quantità di carbonio, in particolare come grafite e diamante. La formazione di questi diamanti rappresenta uno degli aspetti più discussi. Nel corso degli ultimi decenni, sono state proposte e pubblicate tre principali ipotesi: (i) loro formazione allinterno di corpi planetari, (ii) la trasformazione diretta da grafite a diamante a seguito di eventi di shock, (iii) la formazione a seguito di deposizione chimica da vapore. In generale, la trasformazione diretta da grafite in diamante durante eventi di shock, ovvero un impatto che ha distrutto l’ureilite genitore, é ritenuta lipotesi più accreditata. Tuttavia, studi recenti sostengono di aver identificato diamanti in ureiliti la cui formazione è avvenuta allinterno di corpi planetari di dimensioni comprese tra quelle di Mercurio e Marte. Questi studi sono alla base del presente lavoro di tesi. Altri diamanti di dimensioni relevanti in ureiliti sono stati caratterizzati. L’approccio multimetodologico utilizzato nel presente lavoro di tesi comprende microscopia ottica, diffrazione a raggi X, FEG-SEM, spettrometria di massa e un primo test di micro-raggi-X tomografia computerizzata. Sulla base delle caratteristiche cristallografiche e isotopiche, é ipotizzabile che i microdiamanti studiati in questo lavoro di tesi si sono formati da grafite, la quale era presente nellureilite genitore e trasformata in diamante a seguito alle alte tempera- ture e pressioni raggiunte durante un evento di shock. Di conseguenza, non sussiste la necessità di invocare un progenitore ureilitico di grandi dimensioni per la formazione di micro diamanti.
Extraterrestrial Diamonds in Ureilites / Christ, Oliver. - (2023 Apr 20).
Extraterrestrial Diamonds in Ureilites
CHRIST, OLIVER
2023
Abstract
In this Phd thesis, carbon aggregates from ureilites have been extracted and analysed in a multimethodological approach to gain more insights in how ureilitic diamonds have formed. Ureilites represent the second largest group of achondrites and are known to contain significant amount of carbon, mainly in the form of graphite and diamond. The formation of these diamonds is a timely and strongly discussed topic. Over decades, three major hypotheses have been published: (i) the formation deep inside a planetary body, (ii) the direct transformation from graphite to diamond upon shock and (iii) the formation from a chemical vapour deposition (CVD). Generally, the direct transformation from graphite to diamond during a shock event, i.e., a major impact which destroyed the ureilite parent body, is the most accepted one. However, recent studies claimed to have found presumed large diamonds in a ureilite which were interpreted to have formed deep inside a planetary body which had a size in the range between Mercury and Mars and were the initiator for this work. Further large diamonds in ureilites were found and thoroughly characterised. The multimethodological approach included optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission gun electron microprobe analyser, mass spectroscopy and first tests of micro-X-ray computed tomography. A few comparably very large ureilitic diamonds were found and characterised. Based on their crystallographic and isotopic features, it is evident that these microdiamonds originate from graphite which was present on the ureilite parent body and has been transformed to diamond upon high pressures and tem- peratures during a shock event. Hence, there is no necessity for a large ureilite parent body to produce microdiamonds.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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