Effect of summer temperature on prolonged diapause of Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera) under realistic field conditions

To face recurrent temperature changes, tettigoniids inhabiting temperate climates overwinter as eggs in a diapause stage, being able to postpone embryogenesis for one or more years. To date, it is unclear if species living in warm regions, especially under the Mediterranean climate, could exhibit a diapause for a single year or enter a prolonged diapause due to higher summer temperatures experienced by eggs immediately after oviposition. In this two-year study, we tested the effect of summer temperatures on diapause of six Mediterranean tettigoniid species under natural field conditions. We found that five species can exhibit a facultative diapause depending on mean summer temperatures. For two species, a substantial shift in egg development from 50 to 90% occurred over an interval of c. 1 °C after the first summer period. All the species increased considerably their development (nearly 90%) after the second summer period irrespective of temperatures. Overall, this study suggests that diapause strategy and the different thermal sensibility of embryonic development varies considerably across species potentially affecting their population dynamics.