Environment learning and navigation ability are particularly important aspects of how people function in everyday life. However, people differ greatly in their abilities to learn environments, and different individual factors such as gender and visuospatial abilities may come into play. Of the individual spatial factors, beliefs about one’s spatial abilities have scarcely been studied empirically. This thesis, therefore, aimed to (a) understand the role of beliefs about spatial abilities—that is, spatial self-efficacy, the growth mindset, and gender stereotypes—in supporting environment learning and navigation behaviors and (b) study the roles of gender in environment learning, navigation behaviors, and beliefs about spatial abilities. Specifically, Study 1 investigated the relationships between gender, spatial self-efficacy, visuospatial skills, and spatial recall performance after participants learned a virtual environment, showing that women reported lower self-efficacy in spatial tasks, and this belief (along with visuospatial abilities) partially explained the gender differences in spatial recall performance. Study 2 investigated the effect of feedback related to visuospatial tasks on recall performance after participants learned a virtual environment. The research showed that receiving feedback after completing visuospatial tasks was related to better perceived self-efficacy before performing spatial recall tasks and, in turn, the latter was associated with better performance in spatial recall tasks. Study 3 investigated the relationships between spatial self-efficacy, the growth mindset, and gender stereotypes in navigation behaviors (i.e., exploration tendency and the use of GPS). The results showed that growth mindset and gender stereotype beliefs were associated with navigation behaviors indirectly through spatial self-efficacy. In addition, men and women differed in navigation behaviors enacted during navigation. Finally, Study 4 used a recent classification of spatial knowledge to investigate the relationship between different beliefs about spatial abilities and recall performance after participants learned a virtual environment. The results showed that perceived task-specific self-efficacy interacted with gender stereotypes and previous success in spatial situations in predicting recall performance. Overall, the results of the studies shed light on the importance of beliefs about spatial abilities in environment learning and navigational behaviors in men and women. In addition, these results suggest that beliefs about spatial abilities might explain gender differences in environment learning and its recall.
Apprendere gli ambienti e navigare sono aspetti molto importanti per il nostro funzionamento nella vita di tutti i giorni. Tuttavia, le persone differiscono molto nell’abilità di apprendere gli ambienti e diversi fattori individuali come il genere e le abilità visuospaziali possono entrare in gioco. Tra i fattori individuali spaziali le credenze relative alle proprie abilità spaziali sono state scarsamente studiate empiricamente. La presente tesi, pertanto, si pone l’obiettivo di i) comprendere il ruolo delle credenze associate alle abilità spaziali ovvero autoefficacia spaziale, il growth mindset e lo stereotipo di genere nel supportare l’apprendimento di ambienti ed i comportamenti di navigazione, ii) studiare il ruolo del genere nell’apprendimento di ambienti, comportamenti di navigazione e credenze associate alle abilità spaziali. In particolare, lo Studio 1 ha indagato la relazione tra genere, autoefficacia spaziale, abilità visuospaziali e apprendimento di un ambiente virtuale e successivo ricordo. mostrando che le donne riferiscono minore autoefficacia in compiti spaziali e questa credenza (insieme alle abilità visuospaziali) spiega in parte le differenze di genere nella prestazione di ricordo di un ambiente virtuale. Lo Studio 2 ha indagato l’effetto di un feedback relativo a compiti visuospaziali sull’apprendimento di un ambiente virtuale e successivo ricordo. La ricerca ha mostrato che ricevere un feedback dopo compiti visuospaziali è relato a migliore autoefficacia percepita prima di svolgere compiti di apprendimento e ricordo dell’ambiente e a sua volta quest’ultima è associata a migliore prestazione in compiti di ricordo dell’ambiente. Lo Studio 3 approfondisce la relazione tra autoefficacia spaziale, growth mindset e stereotipo di genere nei comportamenti di navigazione (ovvero la tendenza ad esplorare l’ambiente e l’uso del GPS). I risultati mostrano che le credenze di growth mindset e stereotipo di genere sono associati ai comportamenti di navigazione indirettamente attraverso l’autoefficacia spaziale. Inoltre, uomini e donne differiscono nei comportamenti di navigazione messi in atto durante la navigazione. Infine, lo Studio 4 ha indagato la relazione tra credenze relative alle abilità spaziali e la prestazione in compiti di ricordo di un ambiente utilizzando una recente classificazione della conoscenza spaziale. Risultati hanno mostrato che autoefficacia percepita prima dei compiti interagisce con lo stereotipo di genere e precedenti successi in situazioni spaziali nel predire compiti di apprendimento spaziale. Complessivamente, i risultati degli studi fanno luce sull’importanza delle credenze sulle abilità spaziali nell’apprendimento di ambienti e nei comportamenti di navigazione in uomini e donne. Inoltre, questi risultati suggeriscono che le credenze sulle abilità spaziali potrebbero spiegare le differenze di genere in compiti di apprendimento e ricordo dell’ambiente.
APPRENDIMENTO DI AMBIENTE E NAVIGAZIONE: QUANDO IL GENERE, LE ABILITÀ E LE CREDENZE SPAZIALI SONO IMPORTANTI / Miola, Laura. - (2023 Jan 13).
APPRENDIMENTO DI AMBIENTE E NAVIGAZIONE: QUANDO IL GENERE, LE ABILITÀ E LE CREDENZE SPAZIALI SONO IMPORTANTI
MIOLA, LAURA
2023
Abstract
Environment learning and navigation ability are particularly important aspects of how people function in everyday life. However, people differ greatly in their abilities to learn environments, and different individual factors such as gender and visuospatial abilities may come into play. Of the individual spatial factors, beliefs about one’s spatial abilities have scarcely been studied empirically. This thesis, therefore, aimed to (a) understand the role of beliefs about spatial abilities—that is, spatial self-efficacy, the growth mindset, and gender stereotypes—in supporting environment learning and navigation behaviors and (b) study the roles of gender in environment learning, navigation behaviors, and beliefs about spatial abilities. Specifically, Study 1 investigated the relationships between gender, spatial self-efficacy, visuospatial skills, and spatial recall performance after participants learned a virtual environment, showing that women reported lower self-efficacy in spatial tasks, and this belief (along with visuospatial abilities) partially explained the gender differences in spatial recall performance. Study 2 investigated the effect of feedback related to visuospatial tasks on recall performance after participants learned a virtual environment. The research showed that receiving feedback after completing visuospatial tasks was related to better perceived self-efficacy before performing spatial recall tasks and, in turn, the latter was associated with better performance in spatial recall tasks. Study 3 investigated the relationships between spatial self-efficacy, the growth mindset, and gender stereotypes in navigation behaviors (i.e., exploration tendency and the use of GPS). The results showed that growth mindset and gender stereotype beliefs were associated with navigation behaviors indirectly through spatial self-efficacy. In addition, men and women differed in navigation behaviors enacted during navigation. Finally, Study 4 used a recent classification of spatial knowledge to investigate the relationship between different beliefs about spatial abilities and recall performance after participants learned a virtual environment. The results showed that perceived task-specific self-efficacy interacted with gender stereotypes and previous success in spatial situations in predicting recall performance. Overall, the results of the studies shed light on the importance of beliefs about spatial abilities in environment learning and navigational behaviors in men and women. In addition, these results suggest that beliefs about spatial abilities might explain gender differences in environment learning and its recall.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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