Sepsis is a major concern in neonatology. Neonatal sepsis is an infection-induced, systemic inflammatory response syndrome common in premature and term neonates. It is one of the leading causes of neonatal death and morbidity and is believed to have a key role in most inflammatory disorders that cause or enhance the main morbidities affecting the preterm (bronchopulmonary dysplasia, white matter injury, necrotizing enterocolitis, and retinopathy of prematurity). Sepsis in the newborn is typically classified as either early-onset sepsis (EOS), when the infection occurs within three days after birth, or late-onset sepsis (LOS) if it develops afterward. Early detection of neonatal sepsis and prompt administration of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy can prevent its clinical course towards septic shock and death, but it is not easy to diagnose neonatal sepsis early on. Blood culture is still considered the gold standard, even though it takes time to obtain the results, and false-negative findings are not uncommon because neonatal bacteremia is often intermittent, and intrapartum antibiotic treatment may limit the culture’s diagnostic value. Neonatal sepsis is therefore mainly suspected on the grounds of non-specific clinical signs and symptoms; moreover, none of the most widely used biomarkers are entirely reliable indicators of sepsis in newborns. Hence, identifying new biomarkers for EOS is of crucial importance. Furthermore, while supportive therapies promote the survival of septic neonates, there are no mechanistic therapies to alter the underlying pathophysiology, and this is partly due to partial knowledge of the complex biological pathways underlying the pathophysiology of sepsis. The aim of the study was to compare the metabolic profiles of plasma and urine samples collected at birth from preterm neonates with and without early-onset sepsis (EOS) to identify metabolic perturbations that might orient the search for new early biomarkers. All preterm newborns admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit were eligible for this proof-of-concept, prospective case-control study. Infants were enrolled as “cases” if they developed EOS, and as “controls” if they did not. Plasma samples collected at birth and urine samples collected within 24 h of birth underwent untargeted and targeted metabolomic analysis using mass spectrometry coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were applied. Of 123 eligible newborns, 15 developed EOS. These 15 newborns matched controls for gestational age and weight. UPLC–MS analysis of urine samples revealed a clustering of cases of EOS compared with healthy neonates. Furthermore, a metabolic signature exists to distinguish neonates that develop sepsis and healthy subjects and putative markers discriminating between EOS cases and controls were discovered. Pathway analysis showed metabolic derangements most involved in EOS. The most significant metabolic pathways were investigated using a targeted analysis on plasma samples collected from the same neonates, confirming the marked disruption of the tryptophan and glutathione metabolic pathways in the neonates with EOS. In conclusion, neonates with EOS had a metabolic profile at birth that clearly distinguished them from those without sepsis, and metabolites of glutathione and tryptophan pathways are promising as new biomarkers of neonatal sepsis.
La sepsi è una delle principali problematiche in ambito neonatologico. La sepsi neonatale è una sindrome da risposta infiammatoria sistemica indotta da infezione comune nei neonati prematuri e a termine. È una delle principali cause di morte e morbilità neonatale e si ritiene che abbia un ruolo chiave nella maggior parte dei disturbi infiammatori che causano o contribuiscono allo sviluppo delle principali morbilità che colpiscono il prematuro (displasia broncopolmonare, danno della sostanza bianca cerebrale, enterocolite necrotizzante e retinopatia del prematuro). La sepsi nel neonato è solitamente classificata come sepsi ad esordio precoce (EOS), quando l'infezione si manifesta entro tre giorni dalla nascita, o sepsi ad esordio tardivo (LOS) se si sviluppa in seguito. La diagnosi precoce della sepsi neonatale e la pronta somministrazione di una terapia antibiotica ad ampio spettro possono prevenirne il decorso clinico verso lo shock settico e la morte, ma non è facile diagnosticare precocemente la sepsi neonatale. L'emocoltura è ancora considerata il gold standard, anche se ci vuole tempo per ottenere i risultati e i falsi negativi non sono rari perché la batteriemia neonatale è spesso intermittente e il trattamento antibiotico intrapartum può limitare il valore diagnostico della coltura. La sepsi neonatale viene quindi ipotizzata principalmente sulla base di segni e sintomi clinici non specifici; per di più, nessuno dei biomarcatori più utilizzati è un indicatore del tutto affidabile di sepsi nei neonati. Pertanto, l'identificazione di nuovi biomarcatori per EOS è di cruciale importanza. Inoltre, mentre le terapie di supporto promuovono la sopravvivenza dei neonati settici, non esistono terapie per alterare la fisiopatologia sottostante, e ciò è in parte dovuto alla parziale conoscenza delle complesse vie biologiche alla base della fisiopatologia della sepsi. Lo scopo dello studio era confrontare i profili metabolici di campioni di plasma e urina raccolti alla nascita da neonati pretermine con e senza sepsi ad esordio precoce (EOS) per identificare le perturbazioni metaboliche che potrebbero orientare la ricerca di nuovi biomarcatori precoci. Tutti i neonati prematuri ammessi all'unità di terapia intensiva neonatale erano eleggibili per questo studio prospettico caso-controllo. I neonati sono stati arruolati come "casi" se hanno sviluppato EOS e come "controlli" in caso contrario. I campioni di plasma raccolti alla nascita e i campioni di urina raccolti entro 24 ore dalla nascita sono stati sottoposti ad analisi metabolomica targeted e untargeted tramite spettrometria di massa accoppiata a cromatografia liquida UPLC. Sono state poi applicate analisi statistiche univariate e multivariate. Di 123 neonati idonei, 15 hanno sviluppato EOS. Questi 15 neonati corrispondevano ai controlli per età gestazionale e peso. L'analisi UPLC-MS dei campioni di urina ha rivelato un cluster di casi di EOS rispetto ai neonati sani. Inoltre, esiste una differenza metabolica per distinguere i neonati che sviluppano sepsi dai soggetti sani e sono stati scoperti marcatori putativi che discriminano tra casi di EOS e controlli. L'analisi dei pathways ha evidenziato gli squilibri metabolici maggiormente coinvolti in caso di EOS. Le vie metaboliche più significative sono state studiate utilizzando un'analisi targetd su campioni di plasma prelevati dagli stessi neonati, confermando l’evidente perturbazione delle vie metaboliche del triptofano e del glutatione nei neonati con EOS. In conclusione, i neonati con EOS presentavano un profilo metabolico alla nascita che li distingueva chiaramente da quelli senza sepsi, e i metaboliti delle vie del glutatione e del triptofano sono promettenti come nuovi biomarcatori della sepsi neonatale.
Approccio metabolomico untargeted e targeted per lo studio della sepsi neonatale / Poloniato, Gabriele. - (2022 Jun 17).
Approccio metabolomico untargeted e targeted per lo studio della sepsi neonatale
POLONIATO, GABRIELE
2022
Abstract
Sepsis is a major concern in neonatology. Neonatal sepsis is an infection-induced, systemic inflammatory response syndrome common in premature and term neonates. It is one of the leading causes of neonatal death and morbidity and is believed to have a key role in most inflammatory disorders that cause or enhance the main morbidities affecting the preterm (bronchopulmonary dysplasia, white matter injury, necrotizing enterocolitis, and retinopathy of prematurity). Sepsis in the newborn is typically classified as either early-onset sepsis (EOS), when the infection occurs within three days after birth, or late-onset sepsis (LOS) if it develops afterward. Early detection of neonatal sepsis and prompt administration of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy can prevent its clinical course towards septic shock and death, but it is not easy to diagnose neonatal sepsis early on. Blood culture is still considered the gold standard, even though it takes time to obtain the results, and false-negative findings are not uncommon because neonatal bacteremia is often intermittent, and intrapartum antibiotic treatment may limit the culture’s diagnostic value. Neonatal sepsis is therefore mainly suspected on the grounds of non-specific clinical signs and symptoms; moreover, none of the most widely used biomarkers are entirely reliable indicators of sepsis in newborns. Hence, identifying new biomarkers for EOS is of crucial importance. Furthermore, while supportive therapies promote the survival of septic neonates, there are no mechanistic therapies to alter the underlying pathophysiology, and this is partly due to partial knowledge of the complex biological pathways underlying the pathophysiology of sepsis. The aim of the study was to compare the metabolic profiles of plasma and urine samples collected at birth from preterm neonates with and without early-onset sepsis (EOS) to identify metabolic perturbations that might orient the search for new early biomarkers. All preterm newborns admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit were eligible for this proof-of-concept, prospective case-control study. Infants were enrolled as “cases” if they developed EOS, and as “controls” if they did not. Plasma samples collected at birth and urine samples collected within 24 h of birth underwent untargeted and targeted metabolomic analysis using mass spectrometry coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were applied. Of 123 eligible newborns, 15 developed EOS. These 15 newborns matched controls for gestational age and weight. UPLC–MS analysis of urine samples revealed a clustering of cases of EOS compared with healthy neonates. Furthermore, a metabolic signature exists to distinguish neonates that develop sepsis and healthy subjects and putative markers discriminating between EOS cases and controls were discovered. Pathway analysis showed metabolic derangements most involved in EOS. The most significant metabolic pathways were investigated using a targeted analysis on plasma samples collected from the same neonates, confirming the marked disruption of the tryptophan and glutathione metabolic pathways in the neonates with EOS. In conclusion, neonates with EOS had a metabolic profile at birth that clearly distinguished them from those without sepsis, and metabolites of glutathione and tryptophan pathways are promising as new biomarkers of neonatal sepsis.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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