Dietary Sodium Nitrate Activates Antioxidant and Mitochondrial Dynamics Genes after Moderate Intensity Acute Exercise in Metabolic Syndrome Patients

Exercise can induce a pro-inflammatory response in aged subjects with metabolic disorders and nitrate supplementation has shown anti-inflammatory effects. We evaluated the influence of dietary nitrate on the response of the antioxidant and mitochondrial dynamics genes to acute exercise in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), as well as the antioxidant and the inflammatory response of PBMCs against immune stimulation. Metabolic syndrome patients participated in a crossover study in which they consumed a beverage containing 16 mM sodium nitrate or a placebo with the same composition without nitrate before performing a submaximal test at 60-70% of their maximal heart rate for 30 min. The intake of nitrate increased the nitrate plus nitrite plasma levels about 8-fold and induced the upregulation of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, mitofusin 2 and PGC1 alpha in PBMCs after exercise. The gene expression of catalase and TNF alpha was enhanced by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) only in the placebo group, while the glutathione peroxidase expression was enhanced by PMA only after nitrate intake. The intake of nitrate by metabolic syndrome patients induces an antioxidant and mitochondrial response to exercise at the same time that it attenuates the pro-inflammatory response to immune stimulation.