Biliary Tree Diagnostics: Advances in Endoscopic Imaging andand Tissue Sampling

The diagnostic approach to the biliary tree disorders can be challenging, especially for Abstract: The diagnostic approach to the biliary tree disorders can be challenging, especially for biliary strictures. Albeit the great diagnostic impact of endoscopic retrograde biliary strictures. Albeit the great diagnostic impact of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) which allows one to obtain fluoroscopic imaging and tissue sampling through brush cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) which allows one to obtain fluoroscopic imaging and tissue sampling through brush cytology and/or forceps biopsy, a considerable proportion of cases remain cytology and/or forceps biopsy, a considerable proportion of cases remain indeterminate, leading indeterminate, leading to the risk of under/over treated patients. In the last two decades, several to the risk of under/over treated patients. In the last two decades, several endoscopic techniques endoscopic techniques have been introduced in clinical practice, shrinking cases of uncertainties have been introduced in clinical practice, shrinking cases of uncertainties and improving diagnostic and improving diagnostic accuracy. The aim of this review is to discuss recent advances and accuracy. The aim of this review is to discuss recent advances and emerging technologies applied to emerging technologies applied to the management of biliary tree disorders through peroral the management of biliary tree disorders through peroral endoscopy procedures. endoscopy procedures.