Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging therapeutics that selectively replicate in cancer cells, either naturally or following genetic engineering. OVs also elicit an immune response against cancer and are therefore an immunotherapeutic tool. Furthermore, OVs can be modified to express therapeutic genes. An OV based on an attenuated herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), has been approved in the US in 2015 and in the EU in 2016 for the treatment of advanced-stage malignant melanoma. T-VEC has deletions in the neurovirulence γ34.5 gene and Us12 gene (Δγ34.5/ΔUs12) and is further armed with human granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) gene. Our research group developed several oncolytic HSV-1 (oHSV1s) with a Δγ34.5/ΔUs12 backbone, armed with an array of immunotherapeutic genes other than GM-CSF. During this PhD project, we focused on developing a systemic delivery system by means of carrier cells, to achieve a pre-clinical optimization of oncolytic HSV-1. Monocytes were chosen because 1)they have an inherent tropism for tumors, being the precursors of tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), 2)they are capable of migrating into most compartments of the body, including the central nervous system, 3)autologous monocytes can be easily recovered in large amount from peripheral blood. Using the human monocytic cell line THP-1, we demonstrated that monocytic cells can migrate towards human breast cancer cells and transmit oHSV1 infection. These findings were confirmed with primary human monocytes. THP-1 cells also delivered oHSV1 to human head-and-neck UM-SC-11B cancer cells growing on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of embryonated chicken eggs, following intravascular injection. Finally, we developed a new miRNA-based neuroattenuation system for oHSV1 to enhance safety following intravenous injection.
I virus oncolitici (OV) sono agenti terapeutici emergenti che si replicano selettivamente nelle cellule tumorali, o naturalmente o in seguito a modificazioni genetiche. Gli OV provocano anche una risposta immunitaria antitumorale e pertanto hanno anche un effetto immunoterapeutico. Inoltre, i virus oncolitici possono anche essere modificati per esprimere geni terapeutici. Un OV basato sul virus herpes simplex di tipo 1 (HSV1), il talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), è stato approvato negli Stati Uniti nel 2015 e nell’Unione Europea nel 2016 per il trattamento del melanoma in stadio avanzato. T-VEC ha una delezione del gene della neurovirulenza γ34.5 e del gene Us12 (Δγ34.5/ΔUs12), inoltre è armato col gene dello human granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF). Il nostro gruppo di ricerca ha sviluppato diversi HSV-1 oncolitici (oHSV1) basati su un backbone Δγ34.5/ΔUs12, armati con diversi geni immunoterapeutici diversi da GM-CSF. Durante questo progetto di dottorato, il focus è stato spostato sullo sviluppo di un sistema di somministrazione sistemico basato su cellule carrier al fine di raggiungere un’ottimizzazione preclinica di oHSV1. I monociti sono stati scelti perchè 1)hanno un tropismo intrinseco per i tumori, essendo i precursori dei macrofagi associati a tumore (TAMs), 2)sono in grado di migrare nella maggior parte dei distretti corporei, incluso il sistema nervoso centrale, 3)i monociti autologhi possono essere recuperati in grande quantità con un semplice prelievo di sangue periferico. Usando la linea cellulare monocitaria umana THP-1, abbiamo dimostrato che i monociti possono migrare verso cellule di carcinoma mammario umano e trasmettere l’infezione da oHSV1. Queste osservazioni sono state confermate usando monociti umani primari. Le cellule THP-1 infettate sono state in grado anche di trasmettere l’infezione a cellule umane di carcinoma squamoso testa-collo (UM-SC-11B) che crescono sulla membrana corioallantoica di uova embrionate di pollo, in seguito a iniezione intravascolare. Infine, abbiamo sviluppato un nuovo sistema di neuroattenuazione basato su miRNA per oHSV1 per aumentare ulteriormente la sicurezza in seguito a somministrazione sistemica.
Ottimizzazione preclinica di vettori oncolitici basati sul virus herpes simplex di tipo 1 / Reale, Alberto. - (2022 Mar 15).
Ottimizzazione preclinica di vettori oncolitici basati sul virus herpes simplex di tipo 1
REALE, ALBERTO
2022
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging therapeutics that selectively replicate in cancer cells, either naturally or following genetic engineering. OVs also elicit an immune response against cancer and are therefore an immunotherapeutic tool. Furthermore, OVs can be modified to express therapeutic genes. An OV based on an attenuated herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), has been approved in the US in 2015 and in the EU in 2016 for the treatment of advanced-stage malignant melanoma. T-VEC has deletions in the neurovirulence γ34.5 gene and Us12 gene (Δγ34.5/ΔUs12) and is further armed with human granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) gene. Our research group developed several oncolytic HSV-1 (oHSV1s) with a Δγ34.5/ΔUs12 backbone, armed with an array of immunotherapeutic genes other than GM-CSF. During this PhD project, we focused on developing a systemic delivery system by means of carrier cells, to achieve a pre-clinical optimization of oncolytic HSV-1. Monocytes were chosen because 1)they have an inherent tropism for tumors, being the precursors of tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), 2)they are capable of migrating into most compartments of the body, including the central nervous system, 3)autologous monocytes can be easily recovered in large amount from peripheral blood. Using the human monocytic cell line THP-1, we demonstrated that monocytic cells can migrate towards human breast cancer cells and transmit oHSV1 infection. These findings were confirmed with primary human monocytes. THP-1 cells also delivered oHSV1 to human head-and-neck UM-SC-11B cancer cells growing on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of embryonated chicken eggs, following intravascular injection. Finally, we developed a new miRNA-based neuroattenuation system for oHSV1 to enhance safety following intravenous injection.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
tesi_Alberto_Reale.pdf
accesso aperto
Descrizione: Tesi_Alberto_Reale
Tipologia:
Tesi di dottorato
Dimensione
10.04 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
10.04 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
Pubblicazioni consigliate
I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.