The biotin–avidin interaction in biotinylated gold nanoparticles and the modulation of their aggregation

The biotin–avidin interaction is used as a binding tool for the conjugation of biomolecules for more diverse applications; these include nanoparticle conjugation. Despite this, a thorough investigation on the different aggregates that may result from the interaction of biotinylated nanopar-ticles (gold nanoparticles, AuNPs, in this work) with avidin has not been carried out so far. In this paper, we address this problem and show the type of aggregates formed under thermodynamic and kinetic control by varying the biotinylated AuNP/avidin ratio and the order of addition of the two partners. The analysis was performed by also addressing the amount of protein able to interact with the AuNPs surface and is fully supported by the TEM images collected for the different samples and the shift of the surface plasmon resonance band. We show that the percentage of saturation depends on the size of the nanoparticles, and larger nanoparticles (19 nm in diameter) manage to accommodate a relatively larger amount of avidins than smaller ones (11 nm). The AuNPs are iso-lated or form small clusters (mostly dimers or trimers) when a large excess or a very low amount of avidin is present, respectively, or form large clusters at stoichiometric concentration of the protein. Daisy-like systems are formed under kinetic control conditions when nanoparticles first covered with the protein are treated with a second batch of biotinylated ones but devoid of avidin.