Gender Differences in Brain-Heart Connection

The brain-heart connection is characterized by sex- and gender-related differences that tend to modify over an individual’s lifetime, thus in relation to age. However, since the need for a gender-specific approach has had growing attention only in the latest years, this issue has not yet been fully elucidated. The knowledge gap is especially marked for pathologies that have historically been considered pertaining mostly to men, e.g., cardiovascular diseases, or to women, e.g., neuropsychiatric conditions, and it is even more pronounced with regard to the relationship that exists between these dysfunctions. This chapter will present an overview of the current evidence on the sex- and gender-related aspects that could influence the brain-heart connection and the possible effect of aging on such features. Sexand gender-related aspects will, in particular, be evaluated in regard to (1) individual vulnerability and the risk factor patterns associated with the development and co-occurrence o...