We study the efficiency of galactic feedback in the early Universe by stacking the [C II] 158 mu m emission in a large sample of normal star-forming galaxies at 4 < z < 6 from the ALMA Large Program to INvestigate [C II] at Early times (ALPINE) survey. Searching for typical signatures of outflows in the high-velocity tails of the stacked [C II] profile, we observe (i) deviations from a single-component Gaussian model in the combined residuals and (ii) broad emission in the stacked [C II] spectrum, with velocities of vertical bar v vertical bar less than or similar to 500 km s(-1). The significance of these features increases when stacking the subset of galaxies with star formation rates (SFRs) higher than the median (SFRmed = 25 M-circle dot yr(-1)), thus confirming their star-formation-driven nature. The estimated mass outflow rates are comparable to the SFRs, yielding mass-loading factors of the order of unity (similarly to local star-forming galaxies), suggesting that star-formation-driven feedback may play a lesser role in quenching galaxies at z > 4. From the stacking analysis of the datacubes, we find that the combined [C II] core emission (vertical bar v vertical bar < 200 km s(-1)) of the higher-SFR galaxies is extended on physical sizes of similar to 30 kpc (diameter scale), well beyond the analogous [C II] core emission of lower-SFR galaxies and the stacked far-infrared continuum. The detection of such extended metal-enriched gas, likely tracing circumgalactic gas enriched by past outflows, corroborates previous similar studies, confirming that baryon cycle and gas exchanges with the circumgalactic medium are at work in normal star-forming galaxies already at early epochs.
The ALPINE-ALMA [C II] survey: Star-formation-driven outflows and circumgalactic enrichment in the early Universe
Cassata, P.;Gruppioni, C.;Ibar, E.;Rodighiero, G.;
2020
Abstract
We study the efficiency of galactic feedback in the early Universe by stacking the [C II] 158 mu m emission in a large sample of normal star-forming galaxies at 4 < z < 6 from the ALMA Large Program to INvestigate [C II] at Early times (ALPINE) survey. Searching for typical signatures of outflows in the high-velocity tails of the stacked [C II] profile, we observe (i) deviations from a single-component Gaussian model in the combined residuals and (ii) broad emission in the stacked [C II] spectrum, with velocities of vertical bar v vertical bar less than or similar to 500 km s(-1). The significance of these features increases when stacking the subset of galaxies with star formation rates (SFRs) higher than the median (SFRmed = 25 M-circle dot yr(-1)), thus confirming their star-formation-driven nature. The estimated mass outflow rates are comparable to the SFRs, yielding mass-loading factors of the order of unity (similarly to local star-forming galaxies), suggesting that star-formation-driven feedback may play a lesser role in quenching galaxies at z > 4. From the stacking analysis of the datacubes, we find that the combined [C II] core emission (vertical bar v vertical bar < 200 km s(-1)) of the higher-SFR galaxies is extended on physical sizes of similar to 30 kpc (diameter scale), well beyond the analogous [C II] core emission of lower-SFR galaxies and the stacked far-infrared continuum. The detection of such extended metal-enriched gas, likely tracing circumgalactic gas enriched by past outflows, corroborates previous similar studies, confirming that baryon cycle and gas exchanges with the circumgalactic medium are at work in normal star-forming galaxies already at early epochs.
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