A coupled hydrodynamic and breach formation model to simulate floodplain inundations: the case study of the Bacchiglione River (Italy)

We present a numerical hydrodynamic model which couples a previously described model solving the two-dimensional shallow water equations modified in order to deal with partially wet and very irregular domains with a conceptual model simulating the process of breach formation and development in fluvial levees. The coupled model allows us to simulate flood propagation over unchanneled areas adjacent to the river segment thus providing a quantitative estimate of the consequent inundations of such areas. The two dimensional depth integrated momentum and continuity equations are modified to take into account the bottom irregularities that strongly affect the hydrodynamics in partially dry areas, as for example, in the first stages of an inundation process. The breach formation module allows one to simulate the formation of failures either by piping or by overtopping of existing levees. Because in general a river has a limited inner capacity with respect to reservoirs, the coupling of the above models makes it possible to account for the highly variable hydraulic conditions, both in space and time, which occur close to the breach. This is deemed to be a necessary feature of this type of models because the evolution of the breach itself, and therefore the extension of the flooded areas, strongly depend on the altered driving hydrodynamic conditions which characterize the flow field both within the channel and over the adjacent areas. The model therefore provides a better description of the process of breach formation compared to classical models which assume static driving hydraulic conditions in proximity of the breach. Moreover, the use of a conceptual model for breach formation, either by piping or by overtopping, reduces the computational effort therefore allowing for the extensive application of the coupled model to actual case studies. We have applied the model to a case study in which the effects of breach formation across the Bacchiglione River (North-eastern Italy) are examined. The results of the numerical simulations, in terms of water surface elevations, urban and rural flooded areas, and breach size, compare quite favourably with those actually surveyed during a flood event occurred in 2010.