Effects of Entomopathogenic Nematodes On the Spruce Web-spinning Sawfly Cephalcia-arvensis Panzer and Its Parasitoids In the Field

Field tests were conducted in the Asiago Forest, Venetian Prealps (Italy) to evaluate the efficacy of nematode strains (Heterorhabditis sp. HL 81, Steinernema carpocapsae IS 230, S. feltiae ( = bibionis) IS 389, S. kraussei SK) against the spruce web-spinning sawfly Cephalcia arvensis. Soil applications of 100 juveniles cm-2 of S. feltiae and S. kraussei resulted in 56% and 36.4% reduction of emergences of sawfly, respectively, when performed before the mature larvae drop and enter the soil. The effectiveness of S. feltiae becomes 32.3% if the nematodes are applied when the larvae have already prepared their chambers. S. feltiae parasitized more females and long-term diapausing individuals than S. kraussei. The two most effective strains (IS 389 and SK) seem to be well adapted to low temperature, which is likely to be the most important limiting factor for nematode activity in the mountain spruce forests. An ichneumonid parasitoid (Xenoschesis fulvipes) was strongly affected by S. feltiae, resulting in 66.6% reduction of emergences. Another ichneumonid, Ctenopelma lucifer, seems to be less affected than X. fulvipes by the nematode application.