Roman bricks from the lagoon of Venice : a chemical characterization with multivariate analysis

From 18 archaeological sites of the Lagoon of Venice 75 bricks belonging to Roman and medieval building levels have been analysed. Chemical composition and geometric measures allow the characterization of a group of 24 Roman bricks of Imperial age. The group formed by means of fuzzy c-means cluster analysis applied on chemical data have been tested by principal component analysis and finally subjected to discriminant analysis to estimate the relative weights of original variables and classify new elements. Correlations among the data of the major chemical elements confirm the reliability of the complex of chemical data. The aim of this research was to obtain a chemical characterization of Roman bricks (and later, of the medieval ones) coming from the lagoon of Venice thus making it possible: 1) to recognize the age of a brick by means of its chemical analysis; 2) to date the layers of archaeological excavations or the ground where there are medieval building foundations by means of membership bricks; 3) to calculate the rate of local ground lowering in the elapsed years by the difference in level from one layer to another; 4) to estimate local rates of land subsidence by comparison with mean values already known