Age is a risk factor for maladaptive changes of the pulmonary root in rats exposed to increased pressure loading

Introduction Pulmonary artery root does not adapt properly when exposed to increased pressure stress, with progressive dilatation. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in an animal model, the histologic changes of the pulmonary root wall under increased pressure load. Methods and Results To increase the systolic pressure in the pulmonary root, a banding of the pulmonary artery (PAB) was performed in 10 adult Sprague–Dawley rats and in 10 weanlings, using 7 adults and 8 weanlings as controls. We analyzed the structural changes of the pulmonary artery root after 30 days of increased pressure load. The mean pressure gradient across the banded pulmonary trunk was 53.57 ± 10 mmHg in the adult rats and 86.73 ± 15 mmHg in the weanlings. The pulmonary artery wall was significantly thicker in both age groups of PAB rats when compared to age-matched controls, showing also architectural structural changes, as a higher degree of mucoid degeneration, medionecrosis, and fibrosis as well as elastic fibers fragmentation. The apoptotic index was also increased in both PAB age groups. We also confirmed the physiologic higher degree of elastic fibers disarray in adult rats when compared to weanlings. Conclusions The pulmonary artery wall seems to present maladaptive architectural changes in the media when exposed to systemic pressure. The PAB-related increase of the apoptotic index seems to reflect an accelerated involution of the pulmonary root's media. The physiologic higher degree of elastic fibers disarray in adult rats can possibly influence the worst adaptation of the pulmonary arterial wall to a systemic pressure load.