Pre-symptomatic detection of Plasmopara viticola infection in grapevine leaves using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging

Plasmopara viticola is an economically important pathogen of grapevine. Early detection of P. viticola infection can lead to improved fungicide treatment. Our study aimed to determine whether chlorophyll fluorescence (Chl-F) imaging can be used to reveal early stages of P. viticola infection under conditions similar to those occurring in commercial vineyards. Maximum (F(V)/F(M)) and effective quantum yield of photosystem II (I broken vertical bar(PSII)) were identified as the most sensitive reporters of the infection. Heterogeneous distribution of F(V)/F(M) and I broken vertical bar(PSII) in artificially inoculated leaves was associated with the presence of the developing mycelium 3 days before the occurrence of visible symptoms and 5 days before the release of spores. Significant changes of F(V)/F(M) and I broken vertical bar(PSII) were spatially coincident with localised spots of inoculation across the leaf lamina. Reduction of F(V)/F(M) was restricted to the leaf area that later yielded sporulation, while the area with significantly lower I broken vertical bar(PSII) was larger and probably reflected the leaf parts in which photosynthesis was impaired. Our results indicate that Chl-F can be used for the early detection of P. viticola infection. Because P. viticola does not expand systemically in the host tissues and the effects of infection are localised, Chl-F imaging at high resolution is necessary to reveal the disease in the field.