Detection of moving local density differences in dynamic random patterns by human observers.

The way in which movement enhances target visibility has been investigated by measuring the detectability of the direction of motion of a dot pattern added to a background of dynamic visual noise. When the positions of all the dots were changed randomly from frame to frame, so that there was no dot configuration to define the target area (experiments 1 and 2), the threshold density difference necessary was for direction of motion detection less than 3 dots/frame (between 20% and 50% density difference). The spatial displacement (S) at which optimal detection occurs increased when a target elongated in the direction of motion was used. If S was either larger or smaller than its optimal value, thresholds rose progressively. The rise in threshold when S was smaller than 0.25 deg (the width of the target area) decreased when the target dots had a fixed spatial arrangement (experiment 3). It is suggested that in both fixed and random target configurations there is a grouping of dots with similar trajectories via a global directionally-selective process. The strength of the overall motion signal is greater in the fixed-dot configuration because each target dot has associated with it a vector precisely aligned in the direction of the target motion.